daily recommended dosage of calcium for female athletes

Calcium makes up much of the structure of bones and teeth and allows normal bodily movement by keeping tissue rigid, strong, and flexible [1]. This is a fact sheet intended for health professionals. Some but not all clinical trials have found that calcium supplementation can improve bone health in older adults. Clinical trials and meta-analyses of RCTs assessing the impact of calcium supplements or increased intakes of calcium from dairy products on prevention of weight gain or promotion of fat loss or weight loss have had mixed results [88-92]. [, Zhao JG, Zeng XT, Wang J, Liu L. Association between calcium or vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. In contrast, an analysis of baseline data from a randomized trial in Australia in 1,994 women older than 65 years whose average dietary calcium intake was 886 mg/day found no association between quintile of calcium intake and BMD at any site, even after adjustment for such factors as age, physical activity, height, and weight [31]. Can vitamins help prevent a heart attack? Calcium is available in many dietary supplements, including multivitamin/mineral products and supplements containing calcium only or calcium plus vitamin D [14]. Scientific report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee: Advisory report to the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. In the typical American diet, approximately 30% of the phosphorous comes from which food source? 4-6% In general, daily mineral requirements are correlated with what? To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which The results showed that calcium supplementation alone had no effect on risk of hip fracture, and supplementation with both calcium and vitamin D had no effect on risk of hip fracture, nonvertebral fracture, vertebral fracture, or total fracture. [, Myung S-K, Kim H-B, Lee Y-J, Choi Y-J, Oh S-W. Calcium supplements and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. The recommended upper limit for calcium is 2,500 mg a day for adults 19 to 50. [, Wallace TC, McBurney M, Fulgoni VL, 3rd. For example, a meta-analysis of 8 RCTs in 30,970 adults older than 50 years found that 500 to 1,200 mg/day calcium and 400 to 800 IU/day (10 to 20 mcg/day) vitamin D supplementation for 1 to 7 years reduced the risk of total fractures by 15% and hip fractures by 30% [37]. What people with celiac disease need to know about osteoporosis. Getting too little potassium can increase blood pressure, deplete calciumin bones, and increase the riskof kidney stones. Osteoporosis increases the risk of fractures, especially of the hip, vertebrae, and forearms [1,7]. In addition, a meta-analysis of 10 RCTs that included 10,496 individuals who took supplements containing 500 mg calcium or more (without vitamin D) for a mean of 3.9 years found that calcium supplementation did not change the total cancer risk [43]. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. [, Huncharek M, Muscat J, Kupelnick B. Colorectal cancer risk and dietary intake of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy products: a meta-analysis of 26,335 cases from 60 observational studies. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018;32:639-56. They also recommended a screening test for women . However, postmenopausal women at increased risk for fractures or osteoporosis need more calcium and vitamin D. [, Li P, Fan C, Lu Y, Qi K. Effects of calcium supplementation on body weight: a meta-analysis. Sources of calcium include: milk, cheese and other dairy foods; green leafy vegetables - such as curly kale, okra but not spinach (spinach does contain high levels of calcium but the body cannot digest it . 700 . In addition, calcium supplements had no effect on body weight or body fat. More evidence, including from well-designed clinical trials, is needed to determine whether higher intakes of calcium can reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. If you don't get enough calcium, you could face health problems related to weak bones: Many Americans don't get enough calcium in their diets. In spite of the importance of calcium in bone health, observational evidence is mixed on the link between calcium intakes and measures of bone strength in older adults. The labels approved by the FDA for dolutegravir advise patients to take dolutegravir 2 hours before or 6 hours after taking calcium supplements [101,102]. However, they contribute to calcium intakes, even though they contain small amounts of calcium, because people consume them frequently [1]. Average daily calcium intakes from both foods and supplements are 1,156 mg for men, 1,009 mg for women, and 968 to 1,020 mg for children [18]. Metabolic syndrome is a set of at least three risk factors for heart disease, stroke, and diabeteslarge waistline, high triglyceride level, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, high blood pressure, and high fasting blood sugar level. A person's daily calorie needs depend on their height, weight, muscle mass, activity level and several other factors. It is a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality that affects about 4% of pregnancies in the United States [75]. The average adult needs 1,000 mg of calcium per day. Jama 2000;283:2822-5. Calcium carbonate is cheapest and therefore often a good first choice. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. [, Hofmeyr GJ, Betran AP, Singata-Madliki M, Cormick G, Munjanja SP, Fawcus S, et al. Recommended amounts are even higher for athletes, vegetarians, and vegans. Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. [, World Health Organization. For breast cancer, observational studies have had mixed findings on whether higher calcium intakes are associated with a lower risk. According to 20092012 NHANES data, rates of calcium inadequacy (intakes below the EAR) are higher among non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Asians (4748%) than among Hispanics (30%) and non-Hispanic Whites (24%) in the United States [19]. Clinical trial evidence on the link between calcium and metabolic syndrome is very limited. Approximately 22% of men, 32% of women, and 4 to 8% of children take a dietary supplement containing calcium [18]. History of changes to this fact sheet, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, Strengthening Knowledge and Understanding of Dietary Supplements, My Dietary Supplement and Medicine Record, Analytical Methods and Reference Materials (AMRM), NIH Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program, Computer Access to Research on Dietary Supplements (CARDS) Database, Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database (DSID), ODS Participation in NIH Funding Initiatives, Administrative Supplements for Research on Dietary Supplements, Administrative Supplements for Validation Studies of Analytical Methods, Frequently Asked Questions About ODS Grants & Co-funding, Resources for Investigators Submitting Natural Products Research Grant Applications, Staff Bios, Publications, and Presentations, Federal Working Group on Dietary Supplements, NIH Dietary Supplement Research Coordinating Committee, Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels, Small Entity Compliance Guide: Health Claims on Calcium and Osteoporosis; and Calcium, Vitamin D, and Osteoporosis, Sardines, canned in oil, with bones, 3 ounces, Tofu, firm, made with calcium sulfate, cup***, Salmon, pink, canned, solids with bones, 3 ounces, Tofu, soft, made with calcium sulfate, cup***, Breakfast cereals, fortified with 10% of the DV for calcium, 1 serving, Frozen yogurt, vanilla, soft serve, cup, Chinese cabbage (bok choi), raw, shredded, 1 cup, Apple, golden delicious, with skin, 1 medium. Hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria can cause poor muscle tone, renal insufficiency, hypophosphatemia, constipation, nausea, weight loss, fatigue, polyuria, heart arrhythmias, and a higher risk of CVD mortality [1,4,48]. An analysis of 20012010 NHANES data on 9,148 adults found that women in the highest quintile (at least 1,172 mg/day) of calcium intake, based on 24-hour recall, had a 27% lower risk of metabolic syndrome than those in the lowest quintile (less than 547 mg/day) [93]. [, Chung M, Tang AM, Newberry SJ. The RDA for vitamin D is 600 international units (15 micrograms) a day for most adults. Am Heart J 2019;209:68-78. However, in women, the CVD mortality rate was 16% lower with supplemental calcium intakes of 1,000 mg/day than with no supplemental calcium intakes. Weaver CM. Experts recommend a daily intake of 600 IU (International Units) of vitamin D up to age 70. Sulfur is a derivative of what two essential amino acids? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015;25:623-34. Implications for implementing national strategies of calcium fortification. On average, women lose approximately 1% of their bone mineral density (BMD) per year after menopause [25]. Different types of calcium supplements have different costs. Calcium citrate malate is a well-absorbed form of calcium used in some fortified juices [3]. The recommended amount of iron to get each day is 11 milligrams for teenage boys, 15 milligrams for teenage girls, 8 milligrams for men to age 50, 18 milligrams for women to age 50, and 8 milligrams for older adults of both sexes. However, a 2-year RCT in 500 healthy postmenopausal women showed that daily intakes of 500 ml/day skimmed milk enriched to provide 900 mg calcium and 15 mcg (600 IU) vitamin D led to increased BMD at the femoral neck [33]. Limits foods and beverages higher in added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019. [, Donneyong MM, Hornung CA, Taylor KC, Baumgartner RN, Myers JA, Eaton CB, et al. A 4-year study of 1,500 mg calcium and 2,000 IU (50 mcg) vitamin D or placebo daily for 4 years in 2,303 healthy women aged 55 years and older showed that supplementation did not reduce the risk of all types of cancer [41]. Ritual prioritizes folate, B12, vitamin E, and omega-3 alongside bone "helper" nutrients including vitamins D3 and K2, and magnesium. In: Marriott BP, Birt DF, Stallings VA, Yates AA, eds. The large WHI study described above also found no benefit of supplemental calcium and vitamin D on cancer incidence [42]. Dietary calcium is generally safe, but more isn't necessarily better, and excessive calcium doesn't provide extra bone protection. Evidence on dose-response relationships between calcium intakes and risk of stroke or stroke mortality was inconsistent. ConsumerLab.com. A meta-analysis of 11 prospective cohort studies in 872,895 women who developed 26,606 cases of breast cancer over 7 to 25 years found that women with the highest calcium intakes had an 8% lower risk of breast cancer [60]. An earlier systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 RCTs in 24,787 women also found that calcium supplementation (1,500 to 2,000 mg/day) reduced the risk of preeclampsia by 38% and, in women at increased risk of any hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, by 58% [79]. [, Moore-Schiltz L, Albert JM, Singer ME, Swain J, Nock NL. Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring that supplements are safe and claims are truthful. Accessed Oct. 18, 2020. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012;30:954-61. Archives of Internal Medicine 2007;167:893-902. Dairy products, calcium and phosphorus intake, and the risk of prostate cancer: results of the French prospective SU.VI.MAX (Supplementation en Vitamines et Mineraux Antioxydants) study. Recommended Dosage. Although diet is the best way to get calcium, calcium supplements may be an option if your diet falls short. While the recommended daily amount of vitamin B-12 for adults is 2.4 micrograms, higher doses have been found to be safe. Table 2: Calcium content of various food items Factors that Influence Calcium Absorption The World Health Organization recommends 1,5002,000 mg/day calcium for pregnant women with low dietary calcium intakes to reduce preeclampsia risk [82]. Approximately what percentage of body weight consists of minerals? [, Song I, Borland J, Arya N, Wynne B, Piscitelli S. Pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir when administered with mineral supplements in healthy adult subjects. For infants aged 0 to 12 months, the FNB established an AI that is equivalent to the mean intake of calcium in healthy, breastfed infants. Age can also affect absorption of dietary calcium [1,4]. Circ Heart Fail 2015;8:49-56. TestRX - Best testosterone boosters for men over 50 for burning fat. People with lactose intolerance, those with an allergy to milk, and those who avoid eating dairy products (including vegans) have a higher risk of inadequate calcium intakes because dairy products are rich sources of calcium [1,27]. Be sure to tell your doctor if you're taking calcium supplements. [, Magee LA, Pels A, Helewa M, Rey E, von Dadelszen P. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: executive summary. NSF International. The ULs for calcium established by the Food and Nutrition Board are listed in Table 3. In this meta-analysis, ovarian cancer risk was 20% lower in participants in the highest category of dietary calcium intakes (more than 8201,500 mg/day, depending on the study) than the lowest intake category (less than 362800 mg/day, depending on the study). What amount of Btu\mathrm{Btu}Btu of heat are required to melt 8.35lb8.35 \mathrm{~lb}8.35lb of ice at 32F32{\degree} \mathrm{F}32F ? Calcium is important for bone health throughout your life. Pre-eclampsia rates in the United States, 1980-2010: age-period-cohort analysis. [. Heaney RP. Foods fortified with calcium in the United States include many fruit juices and drinks, tofu, and ready-to-eat cereals [1,8]. Calcium fact sheet for professionals. Dietary supplements This amount rises quickly after birth, reaching about 1,200 g in women and 1,400 g in men by adulthood [1]. Sources of calcium. A 2013 follow-up study by Cauley and colleagues evaluated outcomes 4.9 years after completion of the 7-year WHI trial of 1,000 mg/day calcium plus 400 IU (10 mcg)/day vitamin D3 or placebo in 36,282 postmenopausal women [54]. In an analysis of data from 2,776 men who participated in the French SU.VI.MAX (Supplementation en Vitamines et Minraux Antioxydants) prospective study and were followed for an average of 7.7 years, prostate cancer risk was higher with higher calcium intakes [57]. https://www.consumerlab.com/aboutcl.asp. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/. Nutr Cancer 2011;63:827-41. There is a problem with BMJ 2015;351:h4183. But one large clinical trial did find that calcium supplements reduce cancer risk. Nutr Rev 2002;60:360-7. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:735-47. Calcium - General Range: 1000 mg to 1300 mg daily. Int J Cancer 2015;136:2388-401. In a systematic review and meta-analysis of 9 cohort studies in 750,275 men, the risk of prostate cancer was 2% higher for each 400 mg/day increment in total dietary and supplemental calcium intake, but nondairy and supplemental calcium intakes were not associated with prostate cancer risk [58]. Calcium in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis: EMAS clinical guide. For example, a longitudinal cohort study of 1,490 women aged 42 to 52 years at baseline who were followed for 1012 years found that fracture risk was not significantly different in calcium supplement users (some of whom also took vitamin D supplements) and nonusers, even though supplement use was associated with less BMD loss throughout the study period [36]. A substantial proportion of people in the United States consume less than recommended amounts of calcium. Subgroup analyses suggested that the inverse association between dietary calcium intakes and metabolic syndrome risk was stronger in women than men. Simultaneous use of calcium supplements and quinolone antibioticssuch as ciprofloxacin (Cipro), gemifloxacin (Factive), and moxifloxacin (Avelox)can reduce the absorption of quinolones [108,109]. Food Funct 2020;11:10817-27. However, in analyses of results for various sources of calcium, only calcium from dairy foods was significantly associated with prostate cancer risk (2.9 times higher in men with intakes greater than 696 mg/day than in those with intakes less than 354 mg/day); calcium intakes from non-dairy sources were not significantly associated with prostate cancer risk. [, Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, et al. A similar controversy surrounds calcium and prostate cancer. Certain compounds in plants (e.g., oxalic acid, phytic acid) can decrease calcium absorption by forming indigestible salts with calcium, decreasing its absorption [3]. [, Keum N, Aune D, Greenwood DC, Ju W, Giovannucci EL. Sci Rep 2019;9:19046. More severe signs and symptoms can include renal calcification or injury, brain calcification, neurologic symptoms (e.g., depression and bipolar disorder), cataracts, congestive heart failure, paresthesia, seizures, and, in rare cases, coma [22,24]. The two most common forms of calcium in supplements are calcium carbonate and calcium citrate [1]. Ecol Food Nutr 2020:1-12. The calcium RDA is 1,200 mg for women older than 50 years (vs. 1,000 mg for younger women) to lessen bone loss after menopause [1]. [, Sempos CT, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Fischer PR, Munns CF, Pettifor JM, Thacher TD. Calcium intake from diet and supplements and the risk of coronary artery calcification and its progression among older adults: 10-year follow-up of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). After an average of 7 years, risk of cancer mortality did not differ between groups. Calcium. The effect of calcium plus vitamin D on risk for invasive cancer: results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) calcium plus vitamin D randomized clinical trial. Calcium intake and cardiovascular disease risk. Can a lack of vitamin D cause high blood pressure? For those 51 and older, the limit is 2,000 mg a day. Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Long-term follow-up for mortality and cancer in a randomized placebo- controlled trial of vitamin D(3) and/or calcium (RECORD trial). [, Jones BJ, Twomey PJ. Am J Clin Nutr 2016;104:1263-73. Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Medicines https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Can Fam Physician 2012;58:158-62. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;86:1804-5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell; 2020:321-48. Some companies have their products independently tested by U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention (USP), ConsumerLab.com (CL) or NSF International. The recommended daily allowances (RDA) for calcium are: Boys 9-18: 1300 mg Men 19-70: 1000 mg Men 71+: 1200 mg Girls 9-18: 1300 mg Women 19-50: 1000 mg Women 51+: 1200 mg Of course, more isn't always better - excessive supplement intake has been tied to potential cardiovascular events. About 30% of postmenopausal women in the United States and Europe have osteoporosis, and at least 40% of those with this condition develop at least one fragility fracture (a fracture that occurs after minor trauma, such as a fall from standing height or lower) [26]. Calcium citrate is absorbed equally well when taken with or without food and is a form recommended for individuals with low stomach acid (more common in people over 50 or taking acid blockers), inflammatory bowel disease or absorption disorders.

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