infant baptism at easter vigil

Apart from the case of imminent danger of death an infant can and should be baptized if there is any reasonable health risk in the first weeks. This general principle regarding the minister is further specified in the 1988 introduction to the rite of Christian initiation: "11. Before the Easter Proclamation, the priest gives his candle to one of the ministers and blesses incense as at the Gospel during Mass. In a way, Jesus experienced a new birth, when he rose from the baptismal waters. I am catholic also and my parish does baptisms on Easter sunday mass.The all white outfits are required for both the boys and girls up to age 17 for the Easter baptism mass.The boys have to wear a white suit and tie and us girls have to wear a white,puffy,short sleeve,knee length dress with a matching bonnet,white tee shirt,cloth diaper,plastic pants,white,high waist tights and the white mary janestyle shoes.The sacrement of baptism is taken very seriously and the kids are welcomed into gods kingdom by the congregation! Kerry Weber is an executive editor for America. `g(ZQ*SuBC1,xs@|3Lq MONDAY OF THE FOURTH WEEK OF EASTER, YEAR A, MAY 1, 2023- SAINT JOSEPH THE WORKER- FEAST, Cycle A 4th Sunday Easter Grace at the Gate. Dear brethren (brothers and sisters), now that we have begun our solemn Vigil, let us listen with quiet hearts to the Word of God. %PDF-1.5 % We have a son, a daughter, and two granddaughters. Another year the deacon, overcome by a cloud of incense while singing the 10-minute Exsultet, passed out at the ambo. In this sense, my answer would have been the same even if the parents had written regarding the policy of their own parish. But I have hope my family will attend together in years to come, because I want my children to know the liturgy that profoundly shaped my experience and understanding of the church. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCBs) mission is to encounter the mercy of Christ and to accompany His people with joy. Are women deacons the answer? But that hasnt always been the case. When I first came out of the water, I instantly felt like a new person. 3,L0yt 'qT^<>v This procession is accompanied by the singing of the Litany of the Saints. To prepare for this reception, the people, who are called Candidates, usually participate in a formation program to help them understand and experience the teachings and practices of the Catholic Church. But the Roman Catholic Church sees the value of maintaining both. We ask readers to log in so that we can recognize you as a registered user and give you unrestricted access to our website. And a voice came from the heavens, You are my beloved Son; with you I am well pleased.. The blessing from the Rite of Baptism may be used to conclude the Mass (#29.5). During the Easter Vigil, after the proclamation of the readings, a procession to the font forms. In addition they reflect on how they will serve Christ and help in the Church's mission and outreach activities. AN EASTER SPRINKLING RITE For use during the Easter Season, if water blessed at the Vigil is available. Jesus made a deliberate choice to take time out, to grow closer to his Father through a deeper period of prayer. 65 the rubrics for the Easter Vigil indicate the desirability for the neophytes as well as all the faithful, if the diocesan Bishop consents, to receive Communion under both kinds. The candle is then prepared in rites which are no longer optional. The Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults indicates that these formulas are found in the section for ritual Masses, "Christian Initiation: Baptism.". An infant in danger of death is to be baptized without delay. It was initially an all-night vigil that started in the middle of the night and didnt end until the first rays of dawn when the celebration of Mass began. The church is shrouded in darkness as a fire is lighted outside the church and the Easter candle is lit from it. The Council also revised the rite of baptism for infants and young children. Below is a brief guide to the Easter Vigil, along with reflections by Pope Benedict XVI, who frequently meditated on the liturgy during his Easter Vigil homilies. 17 and 31). The only other experiences of my life that came close to the day of my baptism, was the day that my husband and I were married, the night that I became a Catholic at the Easter vigil, and the first time thatI ever held our newborn son. %%EOF Listed below are some questions and answers about the process of Christian Initiation. That the world will constantly disrupt this rhythm, but it will also add new beats that will surprise and delight you. ?"). My best advice for anyone struggling with prayer: Make a morning offering. Easter Vigil Homily 1998: "At the entrance was something like a small swimming pool with three steps leading down one side and three steps leading up the other. Those seeking Baptism then renounce sin and profess their faith after which they are baptized with the priest pronouncing the words, "I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.". This requires that the homilist carefully prepare and craft the homily so that it captures the tremendous mysteries being celebrated on this most holy of nights. Conferral of Infant Baptism. They stop and do him homage, and Jesus says to them, "Do not be afraid. RECEPTION OF THE WHITE GARMENT AND THE CANDLE This process of formation is completed with the reception of the Sacraments of Confirmation and Holy Communion often at the Easter Vigil or during the Easter Season. 867 1. I also presumed that the necessary permissions had been sought and obtained. My husband John and I have been married for 37 years. 856 Although baptism can be celebrated on any day, it is nevertheless recommended that it be celebrated ordinarily on Sunday or, if possible, at the Easter Vigil. All: Amen. I am grateful how the Lord absolutely wants to be involved with us. Sure, you might be the crucifer (cross bearer) or the thurifer, as usual, but you also get to stand outside the church beside the bonfire and hand the priest the nails that are pressed into the Paschal candle. On Good Friday, the altar is bare; the church sparsely decorated. The Candidates may be received into the Catholic Church at the Easter Vigil or at another Sunday during the year depending on pastoral circumstances and readiness of the Candidate. This was due in part to Romes insistence that only a bishop could confirm. Our Wisconsin reader says: "I can understand delaying adult baptism, first Communions, weddings, etc., during Lent until at least the Easter Vigil, but to me, not allowing infant baptism during Lent seems to be gambling with souls." Plus there were fun, Olympian-style challenges like running the smoldering coals from the incense thurible out to the sewer grate in the church parking lot before the smoke could set off the fire alarm in the sacristy. Copyright 2023 America Press Inc. | All Rights Reserved. I recall feeling the heat of the flame and hearing the whoosh of passing cars and wondering what those drivers thought was happening. Typically, on the first Sunday of Lent, the Catechumens, their sponsors and familiesgather at the cathedral church. 1486 0 obj <> endobj The relative brevity of the Mass has to do, in part, with the fact that it has a universal formula. Before you can comment, you need to update your profile to include your first and last name, as required in our, Im available to do anything, Pope Francis said. .CT Many of us may not realize it, but in many ways this is what our entire Lenten journey has been pointing towards. The readings are often interspersed with chanted passages or hymns. At Communion, the newly baptized receive the Eucharist, Christ's Body and Blood, for the first time. Itsounds like it wasthe same with God the Father. The Old Testament has many images of water that help us understand Baptism. Lent is a period of preparation marked by prayer, study, and spiritual direction for the Elect, and prayers for them by the parish communities. Another 45 minutes or one hour should be added to that time in order to determine the approximate time of nightfall. There is the question of jurisdiction. If youre already a subscriber or donor, thank you! We become members of Christ and the Church through the Sacraments of Initiation: Baptism, Confirmation, and the Eucharist. 241-243 of the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults. The prayers are modified from the Rite of Infant Baptism. There the fire is blessed and nails pressed into the paschal candle, a candle that should be, according to an essay on the website of the U.S. bishops, of sufficiently large size that it may convey the truth that Christ is the light of the world. This has got to be the worlds most distinctive and impossible unit of measurement. It is not begun before nightfall 1 and should end before daybreak on Easter Sunday. 9). DAILY MASS READINGS AND REFLECTIONS @ ACATHOLIC.ORG. ?d(Hgzy>n>#v utUp9t;u.N,f12BBM&T-[d^z`.l'B0-0'TE%1y)`iXw$E~*dQmE)NqHD)1E%O+:jA!&uDxI)N #Mcg|Lpr]*FK ,V#ZXEhp|0Nf`r. In the lower left the priest is anointing an infant before it is baptized. In order to post comments, please make sure JavaScript and Cookies are enabled, and reload the page. A Reflection for the Memorial of Saint Catherine of Siena, by Cecilia Gonzlez-Andrieu. The Missale instructs the deacon to place the candle in a large candle stand prepared either next to the ambo or in the middle of the sanctuary (EV, no. "1. On this holy night, the Church keeps watch, celebrating the resurrection of Christ in the sacraments and awaiting his return in glory. The faithful are encouraged to meditate on these readings by the singing of a responsorial psalm, followed by a silent pause, and then by the celebrants prayer. Perhaps we can regain a sense of the sacredness of our bond with Jesus, and with God our Father though, with some time spentin solitude and prayer. The Mass continues with the newly baptized participating in the general intercessions and in bringing gifts to the altar. One of the least discussed but most concrete qualities of Catholic worship is that it is, generally speaking, short. The celebration of the Easter Vigil takes the place of the Office of Readings (EV, no. Readings for Baptism. When you register, youll get unlimited access to our website and a free subscription to our email newsletter for daily updates with a smart, Catholic take on faith and culture from, Were sorry registration isn't working smoothly for you. The Catechumens publiclyexpresstheir desire for baptism to the diocesan bishop. Then I was baptized in a Protestant church. Prior to the Rite of Election, theCatechumen may choose one or two godparents, who will accompany the Catechumen on the day of Election, at the celebration of the Sacraments of Initiation, and during the Period of Mystagogy. It is a Mass that bears only a basic resemblance to typical Catholic weekend worship, but in breaking from that form it brings home the power of the Resurrection anew. Those who have no settled place of abode may be baptized by the pastor of any church they choose.". They are then Confirmed by the priest or bishop wholays hands on their heads, and invokes the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. The entire liturgical year culminates in the Easter Vigil, an ancient liturgy celebrated on the night before Easter Sunday. The code says: "Can. You will be reminded that all these people around you are choosing the church, but they are also choosing you, a fellow member of the body of Christ. HWO7~|. '9Zgu=Lrm3?tsm.*sv+l%^djW/m[\i4RltOyNYoe}YgEr+'Z&tc{Z^OVM4%#U|?F a/j The new Missale recognizes that "nevertheless, where grave pastoral circumstances demand it, the number of readings from the Old Testament may be reduced" (EV, no 21). Salvation of souls is the greatest concern, but indiscriminate baptisms cause scandal to our Church and the sacrament itself by assuming it is merely a rite of birth or passage and not entrance into the Body of Christ with all the responsibilities and promises therein.". To Mary D.-We are getting our 14 year old daughter ready for her baptism on Easter sunday,April 4.We have her cute,white,poofy,sleeveless baptism dress and bonnet all ready,and have to get the lace anklets and shoes yet. The Missale reminds the priest that before he says, This is the Lamb of God, he may make a brief remark to the neophytes about their first Communion and "about the preciousness of so great a mystery, which is the climax of initiation and the center of the Christian life" (EV, no. To be in the midst of the faces lighting up, to dip your hand in the holy water after so many dry days, to bask in the glory of the Gloria. On any given Sunday most Catholics can expect to be walking out of the church less than an hour after they entered. Thxks xoxo. hb``a``R0D8Dq;Yw,0OcxAKs0,(_ jvm 3)U w %PDF-1.4 % Now I have returned to the Catholic Church. The Easter Vigil is a new-ish rite (thanks, Pope Pius XII!) One year at a vigil my parents attended, rainy weather forced the relocation of the traditional bonfire from a fire pit outside the church to a tin foil pan inside the church. We are in the process of adopting a three year old little girl. After these rites, the priest lights the candle from the new fire and says: May the light of Christ, rising in glory, dispel the darkness of our hearts and minds. 34). Depending on the circumstances of each parish, a baptismal liturgy is performed. There is an element of this, of course. Thanks so much! All emptiness eventually gives way to Alleluia. It was the most beautiful experience of my life. And then you, too, will join the line, walking with them, trying to build the kingdom of God, however long it may take. 94 of Built of Living Stones which reminds us that the Paschal Candle is the symbol of the "light of Christ, rising in glory," scattering the "darkness of our hearts and minds." To be Christian is to be open and welcoming to others, Pope Francis said as he celebrated Mass outside Hungary's Parliament building. Answer: Baptism may be celebrated on any day, but it is particularly fitting when it occurs at Easter ( Code of Canon Law 856). If you login and register your print subscription number with your account, youll have unlimited access to the website. gn_NeNOosWmlr3wYw.wzn]bska:w}.C55] All hold unlit candles (EV, no.15). Perhaps the Holy Spirit is calling us today, to do the same. 856 Although baptism can be celebrated on any day, it is nevertheless recommended that it be celebrated ordinarily on Sunday or, if possible, at the Easter Vigil." "Can. Fire is blessed and the paschal candle . If necessary, the psalmist intones the Alleluia. The entire liturgical year culminates in the Easter Vigil, an ancient liturgy celebrated on the night before Easter Sunday. Many a theologian across the Christian landscape has argued in favor of either adult baptism or the baptism of infants as the preferred practice. The Missale also states that cross and candles are not to be carried in this procession (EV, no. As was mentioned before, it is important to closely consult the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults on this matter. Often, contact with people of faith and a personal faith experience lead people to inquire about the Catholic Church. Sometimes I think we just need to be reminded of that. At the same time, a pastor could weigh the special circumstances that a family reunion around the reception of the sacrament by its youngest member can also be a moment of grace for all. One of the most beautiful things about the Easter Vigil is what you dont see. The newly baptized are dressed in a white garment after baptism to symbolize that they are washed clean of sin and that they are called to continue to walk in this newness of life. It happened in those days that Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee and was baptized in the Jordan by John. The days of Lent are the final Period of Purification and Enlightenment leading up to the Easter Vigil. Jesus shows us how to live more deeply as Christians, by the example of his own life. Proper formulas are found in the Roman Missal for each of the Eucharistic prayers (EV, no.63). . please me hay have every sunday mass reflections. The Paschal Candle is brought forward. The rubrics, however, acknowledge that when this cannot be done adaptations may be made. Rick Stansberry, pastor of Our Lady's Cathedral, 3214 N Lake Ave., said Oklahoma City Archbishop Paul S. Coakley baptized several people at the Easter Vigil at Our Lady's. However, the point of jurisdiction is a valid one. But no matter how unpredictable it can be, I take comfort in the fact that you know one thing from the start: The liturgy will be long. I have not yet been brave enough to take my children to the vigil. My daughters have hard questions about the church. We live in Salem, Oregon in the United States. The week after Easter was dedicated to daily instruction about the sacraments and the moral requirements of true Christian living. When a Catechumen and the priest and the parish team working with him or her believes the person is ready to make a faith commitment to Jesus in the Catholic Church, the next step is the request for baptism and the celebration of the Rite of Election. The catechumens, as well as the parents and godparents of the infants, make the renunciations as a group (e.g., "Do you renounce . The ordinary ministers of baptism are bishops, priests, and deacons . Beautiful, breathtaking and awe-inspiring. Note: For weekdays (#30), the same pattern is followed. He then anoints them with the oil called Sacred Chrism. 33 of the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults points out: "The National Conference of Catholic Bishops approves the omission of the anointing with the oil of catechumens both in the celebration of baptism and in the optional preparation rites for Holy Saturday. The deacon or priest processes into the dark church and stops three times, proclaiming Christ, our Light! By the time he reaches the sanctuary the entire church is blazing with candles that were lit from the Easter candle. He adds, however, that other priests may baptize such children, if they have the permission, whether express, or tacit, or even reasonably presumed, of the proper pastor. After the Liturgy of the Word, the Catechumens are presented to the parish community, who pray for them with the Litany of the Saints. hbbd``b`$X: v2 ` bA\O 4mr Hpf Hk/?$R%Y/~0 =I Prayers. At our parish, all-white outfits are worn by the girls up to age 17 for regular baptisms and Easter vigil baptisms. We would all be together in Florida (for the first time in three years) for a holiday and wanted to have our 3-month-old grandson baptized. The Second Plenary Council of Baltimore adds: 'Priests are deserving of grave reprehension who rashly baptize infants of another parish or of another diocese.' The Easter Vigil begins and ends in darkness. Q&A: Why does the RCIA say that Easter Vigil is when we should baptize? The priest asked." The Meaning of the Resurrection: "Forgiveness is the one new thing that has entered the world. if you are trying to comment, you must log in or set up a new account. So that baptism may clearly appear as the sacrament of the Church's faith and of incorporation into the people of God, it should normally be celebrated in the parish church, which must have a baptismal font. I was baptized because of the words that I read in the bible. When there are no Baptisms and the font is not to be blessed, the litany is omitted and the blessing of water takes place at once (EV, nos. While this paschal focus is present in the rite of baptism for infants, it is more obvious in the baptism of adults which takes place at the Easter Vigil when the entire church celebrates the meaning of Christs passage from darkness to light, from death to new life. Thus, the Lord "beginning with Moses and all the prophets" ( Lk 24.27, 44-45) meets us once again on our journey and, opening up our minds and hearts, prepares us to share in the breaking of the bread and the drinking of the cup. The rubrics describe two instances of Baptism at the Vigil. 10). Please check your spam folder (junk mail folder) in your email and click to confirm your subscription. The Second Vatican Council restored the ancient catechumenate for adults and children of catechetical age. Crosses and statues are covered. The 1983 code enshrined this principle in canon law: "Can. "11.3. Indeed, the remainder of the day was filled with the warmth and the glow of the Holy Spirit, that had enveloped me in His love and peace. Homily for the 4th Sunday of Easter Year A. And, although many adults are baptized at the Easter Vigil, it is usually with water that is poured over their head. The parish assembly affirms this desire and the inquirer becomes a Catechumen. "9. They are called to show the Catechumens good example of the Christian life, sustain them in moments of hesitancy and anxiety, bear witness, and guide their progress in the baptismal life. I later became a Catholic because of the Mass. Then, as long as they do not interfere with the greater good of the child, there are pastoral considerations, such as allowing sufficient time to prepare the parents and to plan the actual celebration in order to bring out its true character effectively. This is the night that "shall be as bright as day" as proclaimed by the Exsultet, an ancient church hymn as we joyfully anticipate Christ's Resurrection The Holy Saturday Liturgy begins with the Service of Light, which includes the blessing of the new fire and the . L.M., Edmonton, Alberta. However, It is highly recommended that the family members renew their baptismal vows and. Go tell my brothers to go to Galilee, and there they will see me.". The pan was soon engulfed and the symbolic light of Christ had to be unceremoniously snuffed out with a fire extinguisher. The Mass of the Vigil, even if it is celebrated before midnight, is a paschal Mass of the Sundayof the Resurrection. The Easter vigil culminated in the Easter dawn baptism, followed by first communion. Baptisms for teens are celebrated at the yearly Easter Vigil liturgy the evening before Easter Sunday. Number 48 of the rubrics for the Easter Vigil mentions that after the renunciation and profession of faith "if the anointing with the Oil of Catechumens did not take place beforehand, as part of the immediate preparatory rites, it takes place at this moment." When the parents are not yet prepared to profess the faith or to undertake the duty of bringing up their children as Christians, it is for the parish priest (pastor), keeping in mind whatever regulations may have been laid down by the conference of bishops, to determine the time for the baptism of infants. It depends on how the person is growing in faith, what questions they encounter along the way, and how God leads them on this journey. 64). endstream endobj 41 0 obj <>/Metadata 3 0 R/PageLabels 36 0 R/Pages 38 0 R/StructTreeRoot 7 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 42 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 43 0 obj <>stream The very last rubric reminds us that "the Easter candle is lighted in all of the more solemn liturgical celebrations in the Season of Easter" (EV, no. If you were baptized as an adult, orjoined the church at the Easter vigil, orwas confirmed as a young adult do you still remember what it felt like? And, this experience is something I just can not convey very well, with words. 857 1. But it was . Christs Passover and ours are given full expression when baptismal water is blessed in the font and when the Christian initiation of adults, or, at least the baptism of infants, takes place at the Easter Vigil. hQo8SQmI i.idEDM}s\IHIq&D1 uD9S"$a 1)LHRR$~Lc=L;tYQ|t.EPE9A`g{_$@`{Vf_?gX` SvkwV#xfSvg A full immersion baptism is almost unheard of in the Catholic church. Regulations for the celebration of baptism during the Easter Vigil or at Mass on Sunday will be set out later.". Wykb,;,=Y,Y,[,-G-,&ZJ'XVYf@[,jIo5!&IyC^wpM>FW(>?=y4? The symbolism of light is connected with. Through the Holy Spirit, we are made the "anointed ones" of Christ. The celebration of Confirmation is to take place in the sanctuary as indicated in the Pontifical or the Roman Ritual. In the liturgy of the Eastern Churches, this anointing is the Chrismation, or the Sacrament of Confirmation, and is done immediately after Baptism. The prayers of blessing call these . Since these regulations forbidding baptism during Lent are never absolute, pastors always retain the possibility of setting them aside for a good reason and so decide to perform a baptism. Many Catholic churches held baptisms during the Easter Vigil held on April 16, the day before Easter Sunday. TuQd I once complained about a Mass that lasted a full hour to a friend who is Baptist, and she laughed in my face. a Cvr-0V0/\U d]d~(m;uOsn kxJHR ~ts.Cn"jLEP: ]YTpF%1|H~"F10!uTx1y?/2KGU=k`VV?i;?}Q+mBbQ1smHA-~` This candle should be made of wax, never be artificial, be renewed each year, be only one in number, and be of sufficiently large size that it may convey the truth that Christ is the light of the world. For early Christians, it was a way to welcome the rising of the Son of God, who dispels the darkness of night. This is the liturgy at which all those who have been preparing to join the Church, or to complete their sacraments as older children or adults, are initiated into the Christian community. &rk7EHItG=gfP] Let us meditate on how God in times past saved his people and in these, the last days, has sent us his Son as our Redeemer. Perhaps, if our reader could meet personally with the pastor so as to explain the situation, the priest might be able to make a better assessment and judge if the circumstances warranted an exception to the general parish policy. 867. However, I had the experience of a full immersion baptism at a Protestant church when I was twelve years old. Without forgiveness . 1508 0 obj <>stream 76 0 obj <>stream 21. (\ The rubrics of the Missale Romanum remind us that this "mother of all vigils" is the "greatest and most noble of all solemnities and it is to be unique in every single Church" ( Missale Romanum, "Rubrics for the Easter Vigil" (EV), no.2). A6w;}dlB +PPl-Rz{KM{ While this divine initiative is present in adults who seek baptism, it is explicit in the baptism of infants and young children. Have you ever had an experience of time standing still? That is usually reserved for people who want to join the church but no record of their baptism can be found, or else their baptism by a protestant denomination wasnt conducted in the Trinitarian form. Although I am not aware why the grandparents were organizing the baptism, I presumed their good faith and assumed that they made the inquiries because they have a residence in the area were the family reunion was to take place. ." I got a mild rash from the plastic pants when i took them off at bedtime. [A]ll of these must be read whenever it can be done, the missal prescribes, so that the character of a Vigil which takes place over some duration of time can be observed. An essay about the vigil on the U.S. bishops website states, Care should be taken that, particularly in regard to this nights celebration of the Eucharist, the liturgy is not done in haste and that all the rites and words should be given their full force. Which is to say that the seemingly endless nature of the Easter Vigil is a feature, not a bug. The organization of the procession is more clearly described in the new Missale Romanum. Wondering why we ask for your email, or having trouble registering. This is why the renewal of our baptismal vows at Easterusually at the Easter vigil or the Easter Sunday Massis so important. Rather than let the newness of the event wear off, Jesus entered more deeply into a relationship with his Father through his prayers in the desert. The entire celebration of the Easter Vigil must take place during the night, so that it begins afternightfall and endsbefore daybreak on the Sunday. I still do! The next day, on Holy Saturday, there is no morning Mass before the Easter Vigil. These were profoundly beautiful experiences in my life too, but they can not even begin to compare with the day of my baptism. d61D}a?} 3jl) $7 The very form of the Easter Vigil reminds us that God works slowly. The Vigil Begins: Easter Vigil Worship Place + Service of Light. hW{t]exgJEk> Enter your email to receive notifications of new Daily Reflection Posts. And that is the thing: If you are lucky, after you have covered all of salvation history, you will get to see new people entering the church. This is the night that "shall be as bright as day" as proclaimed by the Exsultet, an ancient church hymn as we joyfully anticipate Christ's Resurrection The Holy Saturday Liturgy begins with the Service of Light, which includes the blessing of the new fire and the Paschal candle which symbolizes Jesus, the Light of the World. The celebrant cuts a cross into the candle with a stylus. As the celebrant blesses the fire he says the prayer with hands outstretched (EV, no. After consulting the local parish priest (pastor), the bishop may permit or direct that a baptismal font be placed in another church or public oratory within the parish boundaries.

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