did catherine de medici have a daughter named clarissa

The problems facing the monarchy were complex and daunting. The start of Season One, in 1557, Diane de Poitiers was actually 58 years old. About 1538, at the age of 19, Henry had taken as his mistress the 38-year-old Diane de Poitiers,[27] whom he adored for the rest of his life. He sent the Duke of Alba to tell Catherine to scrap the Edict of Amboise and to find punitive solutions to the problem of heresy. She was born less than 20 years ago to the couple while the Queen's husband was away. Clarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of Frances boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. Subscribe to our free weekly newsletter and stay up to date on History of Royal Women's articles! Author of. Catherine outlived all her children except Henry III, who died seven months after her, and Margaret, who inherited her robust health. Inquisition was where he made his one and only cameo. Many historians have blamed Catherine for the attack on Coligny. The Protestants looked for leadership first to Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre, the First Prince of the Blood, and then, with more success, to his brother, Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Cond, who backed a plot to overthrow the Guises by force. Corrections? He often hid from state affairs, immersing himself in acts of piety, such as pilgrimages and flagellation. Catherine de Medici, also called Catherine de Mdicis, Italian Caterina de Medici, (born April 13, 1519, Florence [Italy]died January 5, 1589, Blois, France), queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 154759) and subsequently regent of France (156074), who was one of the most influential personalities of the CatholicHuguenot wars. Catherine de Medici was born in Florence, Italy, on April 13, 1519. Catherine met Coligny, but he refused to back down. [30] Diane never regarded Catherine as a threat. Catherines first great political crisis came in July 1559 upon the accidental death of Henry II, a traumatic bereavement from which it is doubtful that she ever recovered. The years during which her sons reigned have been called "the age of Catherine de' Medici" since she had extensive, if at times varying, influence in the political life of France.[1]. During the period 156468, Catherine was unable, for complex reasons, to withstand the cardinal Lorraine, statesman of the Guises, who largely provoked the second and third civil wars. Francis II became king at the age of fifteen. Mark Strage described these years as "the happiest of her entire life". [25] Divorce was discussed. [80], The slaughter in Paris lasted for almost a week. The murder triggered an aristocratic blood feud that complicated the French civil wars for years to come. Your email address will not be published. Knecht 1998, p. 28, gives the English translation ""The girl has been given to me stark naked." He noted that "each had shown valour in the joust". She was one of the most influential personalities of the CatholicHuguenot wars (Wars of Religion; 156298). Of the chateaus she designed herselfincluding the TuileriesChenonceaux was her unfinished masterpiece. Clarissa Delacroix (1539-1557) was the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici and the French noble Richard Delacroix. At first, Catherine compromised and made concessions to the rebelling Calvinist Protestants, or Huguenots, as they became known. The legend that de' Medici introduced a long list of foods, techniques and utensils from Italy to France is discredited by food historians. "[126] After Henry II's death, Catherine set out to immortalise her husband's memory and to enhance the grandeur of the Valois monarchy through a series of costly building projects. Slowly, however, he lost his sight, speech, and reason, and on 10 July 1559 he died, aged 40. [17] Suitors, however, lined up for her hand, including James V of Scotland who sent the Duke of Albany to Clement to conclude a marriage in April and November 1530. [115], Catherine believed in the humanist ideal of the learned Renaissance prince whose authority depended on letters as well as arms. Unlike his brothers, he came to the throne as a grown man. Catherine de Medici was the daughter of Lorenzo di Piero de Medici, duca di Urbino, and Madeleine de La Tour dAuvergne, a Bourbon princess related to many of the French nobility. [50] Catherine failed because she saw the religious divide only in political terms. [109] On 23 December 1588, he asked the Duke of Guise to call on him at the Chteau de Blois. Pettegree, 154; Hoogvliet, 105. But she was unable to avert its revocation (August 1568), which heralded the third civil war. I began this website in 2013 because I wanted to share these women's amazing stories. 16th-century Italian noblewoman and queen consort of France, Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in. [26] Catherine quickly conceived again and on 2 April 1545 she bore a daughter, Elisabeth. He called her not only the mother of the king but the mother of the state. Sebastian instead had Clarissa poisoned to fulfill Nostradamus' prophecy that Mary's arrival at the French court would cause Catherine's firstborn's death; Clarissa was technically Catherine's first child, and her death supposedly saved the sickly Prince Francis, the oldest legitimate child, from his own death. [19] Clement visited the newlyweds in bed the next morning and added his blessings to the night's proceedings. Henry was carried to the Chteau de Tournelles, where five splinters of wood were extracted from his head, one of which had pierced his eye and brain. [136][137] They point out that Catherine's father-in-law, King Francis I, and the flower of the French aristocracy had dined at some of Italy's most lite tables during the king's Italian campaigns (and that an earlier generation had done so during King Charles VIII's invasion of 1494); that a vast Italian entourage had visited France for the wedding of Catherine de' Medici's father to her French-born mother; and that she had little influence at court until her husband's death because he was so besotted by his mistress, Diane de Poitiers. In the words of historian R. J. Knecht, "she underestimated the strength of religious conviction, imagining that all would be well if only she could get the party leaders to agree". Her ability and eloquence were acclaimed after the Spanish victory of Saint-Quentin in Picardy in 1557, possibly the origin of her perpetual fear of Spain, which remained, through changing circumstances, the touchstone of her judgments. At the time, Henry was besieging Paris with the King of Navarre, who would succeed him as Henry IV of France. "[111] Catherine's immediate reaction is not known; but on Christmas Day, she told a friar, "Oh, wretched man! At the age of five and a half, Mary was brought to the French court, where she was promised to the Dauphin, Francis. Her relationship with her mother never did improve it was as if Catherine resented Margaret for being the healthiest child. [127] These included work on the Chteau de Montceaux, Chteau de Saint-Maur, and Chenonceau. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. [89] Catherine wrote, the next day: "I am so wretched to live long enough to see so many people die before me, although I realize that God's will must be obeyed, that He owns everything, and that He lends us only for as long as He likes the children whom He gives us. [9] Leo made Catherine Duchess of Urbino but annexed most of the Duchy of Urbino to the Papal States, permitting Florence to keep only the Fortress of San Leo. In 1568, she was beaten, punched and had her hair pulled out by Catherine and her brother Charles after a secret affair with Henry of Guise. On 18 February 1563, a spy called Poltrot de Mr fired an arquebus into the back of the Duke of Guise, at the siege of Orlans. For a summary of the fluctuations in Catherine's historical reputation, see the preface to R. J. Knecht's. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. This is the sixth, and it will focus on her relationships with her daughters. Catherine was also eager for a match between one of her two youngest sons and Elizabeth I of England. Her three other daughters did survive to adulthood. Catherine de' Medici was born Caterina Maria Romula de' Medici[7] on 13 April 1519 in Florence, Republic of Florence, the only child of Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and his wife, Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne, the countess of Boulogne. Jeanne replied: "Pardon me if, reading that, I want to laugh, because you want to relieve me of a fear that I've never had. Over the years, Catherine gave birth to ten children of which five were daughters. Catherine adopted a moderate stance and spoke against the Guise persecutions, though she had no particular sympathy for the Huguenots, whose beliefs she never shared. The treaty was sealed by the betrothal of Catherine's thirteen-year-old daughter Elisabeth to Philip II of Spain. [101] He went into hiding to fast and pray, surrounded by a bodyguard known as "the Forty-five", and left Catherine to sort out the mess. This afforded the Calvinists licensed coexistence with specific safeguards. Henry III's assassination ended nearly three centuries of Valois rule and brought the Bourbon dynasty into power. He shouted at her, "Your words, Madam, have led us all to this butchery. Thus began her lifelong struggleexplicit in her correspondencewith these extremists who, supported by Spain and the papacy, sought to dominate the crown and extinguish its independence in the commingled interests of European Catholicism and personal aggrandizement. Born on 13th April 1519, Catherine is still remembered as the 'Black Queen' of France, foe of all Protestants, and the Italian daughter of a merchant who dragged France into a series of bloody, religious civil wars. Prince Henry showed no interest in Catherine as a wife; instead, he openly took mistresses. On 16 October 1568, Catherine wrote to Elisabeths husband to offer advice during Elisabeths pregnancy. I've never thought that, as they say, you eat little children. "[113] He added that she had no sooner died than she was treated with as much consideration as a dead goat. "[131] Catherine also commissioned Germain Pilon to carve the marble sculpture that contains Henry II's heart. She was also an influential patron Three of her sons became kings of France, while two of her daughters married kings and one married a duke. Catherine was heard yelling at her for taking lovers. My name is Moniek and I am from the Netherlands. Because Paris was held by enemies of the crown, Catherine had to be buried provisionally at Blois. She begged him to ensure that Elisabeth eats but two meals each day and only bread in between meals. Tragically, Elisabeth had died two weeks earlier after giving birth prematurely. She had always enjoyed her visits to Claude, and now that would never be the same. The League took control of much of northern France to secure French ports for his armada. The most famous of Catherines daughters was born on 14 May 1553. Catherine, who was said to have received the news without emotion, made a tearful visit to Coligny and promised to punish his attacker. For the next two years Catherines policy was one of peace and general reconciliation. Orphaned within days, Catherine was highly educated, trained, and disciplined by nuns in Florence and Rome and married in 1533 by her uncle, Pope Clement VII, to Henry, duc dOrlans, who inherited the French crown from his father, Francis I, in April 1547. The imperial ambassador reported that in the presence of guests, Henry would sit on Diane's lap and play the guitar, chat about politics, or fondle her breasts. Catherine stayed by his bedside, but Diane kept away, "for fear", in the words of a chronicler, "of being expelled by the Queen". However, she was never in a position to control the country as a whole, which was on the brink of civil war. Clarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of Frances boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. WebHistorically, by Louis, she had two daughters, who were influential members of the royal household- there's no mention of a son like in the show, Sebastian . Historians regard the occasion as an early example of Catherine's statesmanship. Not interested? The members of the Flying Squadron were supposedly so beautiful and so good at their jobs that they were known to make men see God, or at least worship Him in a different way. After Franciss death, Catherine wrote to her daughter, Ma fille (my daughter) mamie (my friend), commend yourself to God, for you have seen me as happy as you are now, never knowing any sorrow but that I was not loved as much as I wished to be by the King your father, who honoured me more than I deserved, but I loved him so much that I was always in fear, as you know; and God has taken him from me and, not content with that, has deprived me of your brother.. [64] The Surprise of Meaux marked a turning point in Catherine's policy towards the Huguenots. "[112] She left in tears. [53] Guise, who called the massacre "a regrettable accident", was cheered as a hero in the streets of Paris while the Huguenots called for revenge. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Catherine-de-Medici, World History Encyclopedia - Catherine de' Medici, History Learning Site - Biography of Catherine de Medici, Lorenzo di Piero de Medici, duca di Urbino. "[72] When Jeanne did come to court, Catherine pressured her hard,[73] playing on Jeanne's hopes for her beloved son. What was Catherine de Medici best known for? I see him rushing towards his ruin. She wrote to Bellivre, "Never have I seen myself in such trouble or with so little light by which to escape. Key Accomplishments: A powerful force during the reigns of three successive kings, Catherine played a major role in 16th-century politics. WebIn Inquisition, it is revealed that Clarissa is the illegitimate daughter of Catherine de Medici and was born with a birthmark on her face. Margaret, however, became almost as much of a thorn in Catherine's side as Francis, and in 1582, she returned to the French court without her husband. The complexity of Catherines position during these years cannot be briefly explained. [12] The final one, the Santissima Annuziata delle Murate was her home for three years. Frieda 2003, p. 47 (NY edition). [75] A smoking arquebus was discovered in a window, but the culprit had made his escape from the rear of the building on a waiting horse. Elisabeth had died, in a most Christian manner dressed in the habit of Saint-Franois, preceded to heaven by the child she carried who had received the holy water of the sacred baptism. Upon hearing the news of her daughters death, Catherine withdrew without a word to her private chapel. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The surgery removed part of the birthmark, but left Clarissa greatly disfigured due to the use of potions. WebCatherine de' Medici married Henry, Duke of Orlans, the future Henry II of France, in Marseille on 28 October 1533. However, she failed to fully grasp the theological issues that drove their movement. She also met her daughter Elisabeth at Bayonne near the Spanish border, amidst lavish court festivities. Catherine could not hold back her sobs. The fourteen-year-old couple left their wedding ball at midnight to perform their nuptial duties. Catherine herself had been educated by Cosimo Ruggeri in astrology and astronomy, which were closely linked in her day[143] and were an academic rather than a Satanic activity,[144] although his general background and favourite status suggests there was more to it than that. She died on 27 March 1615.2. Henry arrived in the bedroom with King Francis, who is said to have stayed until the marriage was consummated. Babelon, Jean-Pierre. However, Catherine's ability to bear children failed to improve her marriage. * * *. [44], In June 1560, Michel de l'Hpital was appointed Chancellor of France. WebFrance Catherine de Medici was born in Florence (Firenze), Italy on April 13th and is known to be one of the most important women during the Renaissance period. [116] She was inspired by the example of her father-in-law, King Francis I of France, who had hosted the leading artists of Europe at his court, and by her Medici ancestors. She even encouraged the king to spend more time with Catherine and sire more children. In spite of Henrys abiding attachment to his mistress Diane de Poitiers, Catherines marriage was not unsuccessful and, after 10 anxious years, she bore him 10 children, of whom 4 boys and 3 girls survived. They witnessed the first three civil wars and her desperate struggle against the Catholic extremists for the independence of the crown, the maintenance of peace, and the enforcement of limited toleration. In 1558, she was considered for Don Carlos, the eldest son of King Philip II of Spain. Years later, Diane, daughter of Henry II and Philippa Duci, had Catherine's remains reinterred in the Saint-Denis basilica in Paris. Clarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of France's boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. For the first ten years of the marriage, the royal couple failed to produce any children together. However, three months after his coronation at Wawel Cathedral, Henry abandoned that throne and returned to France in order to become King of France. This rejection was one basic element in the outbreak of civil war in 1562, in whichas she had predictedCatherine fell, politically, into the clutches of the extremists, because the Catholic crown might protect its Protestant subjects in law but could not defend them in arms. The massacre lit the fuse that sparked the French Wars of Religion. At times he even felt well enough to dictate letters and listen to music. He was also a Huguenot while Margaret was a Catholic. Three days later, Admiral Coligny was walking back to his rooms from the Louvre when a shot rang out from a house and wounded him in the hand and arm. Her efforts won Catherine new respect from the French people. Over the years, the two Queens were to maintain an energetic correspondence. WebCatherine and Clarissa have a very complicated relationship. [28] Although she sometimes acted as regent during his absences from France, her powers were strictly nominal. Catherines daughters Elisabeth and Claude bore children who lived into adulthood, including King Charles IX of France, Prince Louis, and Prince Henri of France. Kill them all! His designs for the Valois Tapestries celebrate the ftes, picnics, and mock battles of the "magnificent" entertainments hosted by Catherine. Nevertheless, she was devastated at Elisabeths loss. [38] The English ambassador reported a few days later that "the house of Guise ruleth and doth all about the French king". Frieda 2003, p. 48 (NY edition): "J'ai reu la fille toute nue." After Alfonsina's death in 1520, Catherine joined her cousins and was raised by her aunt, Clarice de' Medici. The chronicler L'Estoile reported that she cried all through her lunch that day. Catherine's marriage was arranged by her uncle Pope Clement VII. She was soon part of marriage negotiations and was considered as a bride for King Edward VI of England. Catherine was unable to control Henry in the way she had Francis and Charles. I have had him killed. Historica Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. For the next thirty years, France found itself in a state of either civil war or armed truce.[54]. [138], The earliest known reference to Catherine as the popularizer of Italian culinary innovation is the entry for "cuisine" in Diderot and d'Alembert's Encyclopdie published in 1754, which describes haute cuisine as decadent and effeminate and explains that fussy sauces and fancy fricassees arrived in France via "that crowd of corrupt Italians who served at the court of Catherine de' Medici. [87] On 6 May 1576, Catherine gave in to almost all Huguenot demands in the Edict of Beaulieu. In many parts of France the rule of nobles held sway rather than that of the crown. 500: Catherine de Medici The Mother of three Kings, 500: Catherine de Medici Patron of the arts and follower of the occult. On 27 September 1567, in a swoop known as the Surprise of Meaux, Huguenot forces attempted to ambush the king, triggering renewed civil war. WebElisabeth is Catherine's "plain Jane" daughter. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); To celebrate the 500th birthday of the formidable Catherine de Medici, we will be posting seven articles over the next seven days about her. From that moment, she abandoned compromise for a policy of repression. In this cause, he recruited the great Catholic princes, nobles and prelates, signed the treaty of Joinville with Spain, and prepared to make war on the "heretics". The Parisians, however, claimed the right to defend the city themselves. When Catherine found this out, she had her daughter brought from her bed. Catherine travelled to Chtellerault where she bid farewell to her 13-year-old daughter. He defeated the dukes of Guise and Nemours, but the young Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, knocked him half out of the saddle. Catherine had no more children. She was educated by nuns in Florence and in Rome. She presided over his council, decided policy, and controlled state business and patronage. Meanwhile, Cond raised an army and in autumn 1560 began attacking towns in the south. Art historian Henri Zerner has called this monument "the last and most brilliant of the royal tombs of the Renaissance. As dauphine, Catherine was expected to provide a future heir to the throne. [78], The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, which began two days later, has stained Catherine's reputation ever since. This plan also had the added advantage of removing the Huguenots from France, but it failed to interest the Ottomans.[61]. Knecht 1998, p. 28, gives likely incorrect dates of 25 September 1533 for the death of Pope Clement VII and 12 October for the election of Pope Paul III. On 17 August 1563, Charles IX was declared of age at the Parlement of Rouen, but he was never able to rule on his own and showed little interest in government. Under her son, Francis II, power was retained by the Guise brothers. 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In early 1572, Joan Henrys mother and Queen regnant of Navarre arrived in France feeling ill and tired but determined to see the marriage negotiations through. After the Edict of Beaulieu, they had started forming local leagues to protect their religion. Later, she resorted in frustration and anger to hardline policies against them. Catherine wrote to Henry of Charles IX's death: "I am grief-stricken to have witnessed such a scene and the love which he showed me at the end My only consolation is to see you here soon, as your kingdom requires, and in good health, for if I were to lose you, I would have myself buried alive with you. At the same moment, eight members of the Guise family were rounded up, including the Duke of Guise's brother, Louis II, Cardinal of Guise, who Henry's men hacked to death the next day in the palace dungeons. "[68] Catherine called Jeanne, whose decision to rebel posed a dynastic threat to the Valois, "the most shameless woman in the world". [82], Two years later, Catherine faced a new crisis with the death of Charles IX at the age of twenty-three. Blunt calls Caron's style "perhaps the purest known type of Mannerism in its elegant form, appropriate to an exquisite but neurotic society." Biography Early Life Elizabeth I of England's execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, on 8 February 1587 outraged the Catholic world. [93] On her return to Paris in 1579, she was greeted outside the city by the Parlement and crowds. [124] Owing to its synthesis of dance, music, verse, and setting, the production of the Ballet Comique de la Reine in 1581 is regarded by scholars as the first authentic ballet. Three of her sons became kings of France, while two of her daughters married kings and one married a duke. [60], In 1566, through the ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Guillaume de Grandchamp de Grantrie, and because of a long-standing Franco-Ottoman alliance, Charles and Catherine proposed to the Ottoman Court a plan to resettle French Huguenots and French and German Lutherans in Ottoman-controlled Moldavia, in order to create a military colony and a buffer against the Habsburg. In the words of historian Jules Michelet, "St Bartholomew was not a day, but a season". Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. [20] Prince Henry danced and jousted for Catherine. Catherine de' Medici (Italian: Caterina de' Medici, pronounced[katerina de mditi]; French: Catherine de Mdicis, pronounced[katin d medisis]; 13 April 1519 5 January 1589) was a Florentine noblewoman born into the Medici family. Catherine was the daughter of Lorenzo di Piero de Medici, duca di Urbino, and Madeleine de La Tour dAuvergne, a Bourbon princess related to many of the French nobility. Some sources claim that Victoire was the one who was stillborn. Seeing as they didn't know the other existed for the first 18 - to 20 years of their lives. Catherine insisted on visiting the field herself and when warned of the dangers laughed, "My courage is as great as yours". At the meeting of the Estates, Henry thanked Catherine for all she had done. Young Elisabeth constantly suffered from childhood ailments and had not inherited her mothers robust health. Clement housed Catherine in the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence, where she lived in state. His interest in the tasks of government, however, proved fitful. WebDuring this time, Catherine had an affair with Richard, and had a baby girl with him, who became the castle 'ghost', Clarissa. [63] The war was ended by the Peace of Longjumeau of 2223 March 1568, but civil unrest and bloodshed continued. Born Giulio de' Medici, Catherine's uncle took the name Clement VII upon becoming pope in 1523. She was left in the care of Nostradamus, who secretly brought her to the French court and allowed for her to live in the secret passageways of the castle, out of the sight of her family, who believed that she had died. Catherine believing her daughter had died in the forest, while Clarissa never knew who her birth parents were. She died on January 5th, 1589 in Blois France. Her eldest daughter was Elisabeth, and she was born on 2 April 1545. On 8 September 1588 at Blois, where the court had assembled for a meeting of the Estates, Henry dismissed all his ministers without warning. [67] "We have come to the determination to die, all of us", Jeanne wrote to Catherine, "rather than abandon our God, and our religion. They depict events held at Fontainebleau in 1564; at Bayonne in 1565 for the summit meeting with the Spanish court; and at the Tuileries in 1573 for the visit of the Polish ambassadors who presented the Polish crown to Catherine's son Henry of Anjou. Then he set about the business of finding her a husband.[16]. In the Series Season One Season Two Season Three Season Four Because their birth very nearly cost Catherine her life, the king's physician advised the king that there should be no more children; therefore, Henry II stopped visiting his wife's bedroom and spent all his time with his longtime mistress, Diane de Poitiers. Henry's death in 1559 thrust Catherine into the political arena as mother of the frail 15-year-old King Francis II. WebClarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of Frances boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. Thenceforth the problem of religion was one of power, public order, and administration. According to the diplomat Simon Renard, the birth nearly killed Catherine,[150] and the royal couple were advised by the King's physician to have no further children. In fact, a large population of Italiansbankers, silk-weavers, philosophers, musicians, and artists, including Leonardo da Vincihad emigrated to France to promote the burgeoning Renaissance. [99] "Take care", she wrote to the king, "especially about your person. Henry's reign also saw the rise of the Guise brothers, Charles, who became a cardinal, and Henry's boyhood friend Francis, who became Duke of Guise. Catherine sent Pomponne de Bellivre to Navarre to arrange Margaret's return. Hoogvliet, 111. The wedding, a grand affair marked by extravagant display and gift-giving,[19] took place in the glise Saint-Ferrol les Augustins in Marseille on 28 October 1533. L'Estoile wrote: "those close to her believed that her life had been shortened by displeasure over her son's deed. The investigators traced the house and horse to the Guises and claimed to have found evidence that the would-be killer was. [149] In any event, the rumours have made a mark on Catherine's reputation over time, and there are now many dramaticised works about her involvement in the occult. "[90] The death of her youngest son was a calamity for Catherine's dynastic dreams. The Duke of Guise launched an attack into the woods around the chteau.

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