how did islam spread through military conquest

When Arab Muslim armies conquered most of the Middle East and North Africa in the seventh century, many of the conquered peoples saw the Arabs' unending string of military victories as clear evidence of the reality and power of their one God, Allah. "The question of why considered to be monotheistic. Christianity spread, amid intense persecution, for nearly 300 years throughout parts of Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East. Direct link to Yesenia's post Where did they move the c, Posted 4 years ago. The early caliphate had a strong army and built garrison towns, but it did not build sophisticated administrations. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Islamization Modern day (1970s to present), Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, The History of India as told by its own Historians, Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent, "Table: Muslim Population by Country | Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project", "The Changing Global Religious Landscape", "The world's fastest-growing religion is ", "Byzantine Empire - The successors of Heraclius: Islam and the Bulgars", "Western North African Christianity: A History of the Christian Church in Western North Africa", "A Country Study: Somalia from The Library of Congress", "The Return of Religion: Currents of Resurgence, Convergence, and Divergence- The Cresset (Trinity 2009)", "Christian Number-Crunching reveals impressive growth", "Paul Stoller, "Money Has No Smell: The Africanization of New York City," Chicago: University of Chicago Press", "An Outline of the History of Persia During the Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722-1922)", "Nothing found for The Future Of The Global Muslim Population Aspx?print=true", Online version last accessed on 1 May 1948, "Europe and Islam: Crescent Waxing, Cultures Clashing", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_Islam&oldid=1150952983. "In North Africa, Anatolia, Fortunately the community immediately chose the Prophet's close companion and father-in-Law Abu Bakr, as his successor. Histories merely note the fact of pre-Mongol Central Asia's Islamization. Because back in ancient times, the Arabian Peninsula was about as close to the middle of the world as possible. Christians, that Islam, according to Islamic tradition follows in the same tradition of. Direct link to Alasal, Fendh's post how did the culture Islam, Posted 3 years ago. How did the ethnic character of the Muslim Empires change over the course of the Abbasid caliphate? European points of view started changing with the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in new descriptions of the period of Islamic rule in Spain as a "golden age" (mostly as a reaction against Spain's militant Roman Catholicism after 1500)[citation needed]. These new leaders claimed legitimacy through shared lineage with the prophet Muhammad, through the prophets uncle, Abbas. "And if they cease then indeed God "is forgiving and merciful. That's clearly a critical view of this. Muslims did not pay this tax as they already pay 2.5% of their wealth to charity every year as part of one of the pillars their faith. Rival dynasties and revolutions led to the eventual disunion of the Muslim world. Andalusia, http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/ihame/Sec5.htm If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. [4], While there were cases such as the Sassanid army division at Hamra, that converted en masse before pivotal battles such as the Battle of al-Qdisiyyah, conversion was fastest in the urban areas where Arab forces were garrisoned slowly leading to Zoroastrianism becoming associated with rural areas. Most of the significant expansion occurred during the reign of the Rashidun from 632 to 661 CE, which was the reign of the first four successors of Muhammad. Whether or not Islam provided the motivation for early Muslim imperialism, it could be used to provide justification for it - in the same way that it had previously been used to support Muhammad's own actions against his opponents. These early caliphates, coupled with Muslim economics and trading and the later expansion of the Ottoman Empire, resulted in Islam's spread outwards from Mecca towards both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and the creation of the Muslim world. "But transgress not the limits." Direct link to Destiny Condon's post Why were the caliphs succ, Posted 5 years ago. This is not necessarily through conquest or conversion, but mostly through current demographics. From there, Islam spread to modern-day Malaysia and Indonesia. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Despite the great mass of words, the full explanation for Muslim victory still eludes us. The main reasons are trade, military conquest, and religion. Direct link to Zob Rombie's post In the image of Muhammad , Posted 4 years ago. 591 Words Direct link to Ismir Eghal's post can anyone tell me where , Posted 6 years ago. they have expelled you, "and persecution is worse than killing. Even there there are rules of law here, or rules of engagement. Direct link to David Alexander's post You may have this backwar, Posted 4 years ago. A number of the inhabitants of Afghanistan accepted Islam through Umayyad missionary efforts, particularly under the reign of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik and Umar ibn Abdul Aziz. Indeed, it was the later Persian Safavid and Turkish Ottoman empires, neither of which was Arab, out of which the modern Islamic world was carved. [77] The Mongols had been religiously and culturally conquered; this absorption ushered in a new age of Mongol-Islamic synthesis[77] that shaped the further spread of Islam in central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. But this mixture of motives combined to form a process that forged Islamic and Arab ideals and communities into a fast-growing religious and political identity. Does anyone know what was the connection between religion and trade in Afro-Eurasia between the 13th and 16th centuries ?? Either way, did it happen a lot, or did Europeans just seize upon it as another way to disrespect Muslims? Keep in mind, this is spreading, overtaking, conquering, In order to see this content you need to have both Javascript enabled and Flash installed. Why could the translation shape how one understands the dictums communicated in a sacred text? You see even by that A painting depicting a battle. Having a shared religion means having a shared belief system and shared values, which facilitates trade. of the disbelievers. I know one of them is Muslim, but what's the other one? Societal Islamization has historically occurred over the course of many centuries since the spread of Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula through the early Muslim conquests, with notable shifts occurring in the Levant, Iran, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa,[15] Central Asia, South Asia (in Afghanistan, Maldives, Pakistan, and Bangladesh), Southeast Asia (in Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia), Southeastern Europe (in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo, among others), Eastern Europe (in the Caucasus, Crimea, and the Volga), and Southern Europe (in Spain, Portugal, and Sicily prior to re-Christianizations). Arab traders used to visit the Malabar region, which was a link between them and the ports of South East Asia to trade even before Islam had been established in Arabia. Conversion from pagan and polytheistic religions, however, was more difficult. these early European scholars viewed it analogous to things The initial conversions were of a flexible nature. Modern Islam is divided into many sects. (This is from "Taawwuf". of language, for example, in more pacifist notions [81] This demographic transition can be illustrated by the decrease in the number of mosques in Belgrade, from over 70 in 1750 (before Serbian independence in 1815), to only three in 1850. A sense of unity grew among many though not all provinces and gradually formed the consciousness of a broadly Arab-Islamic population. In the initial invasion, the victorious Muslims granted religious freedom to the Christian community in Alexandria, and the Alexandrians quickly recalled their exiled Monophysite patriarch to rule over them, subject only to the ultimate political authority of the conquerors. of the Old Testament and on Christian traditions. the Abbasid Caliphate, where it becomes more multicultural and more Muslim and less Arab focused, that you start to have according to Islamic tradition, built on the traditions Look up different translations. "Earlier generations of European scholars "believed that conversion to Islam "were made by the point of the sword, "and that conquered people's they have expelled you, "and persecution is worse than killing." However, this unity was tentative and ultimately gave way to major divergences that disrupted state and religious institutions in the coming centuries. You may have this backwards. At the outset, they were hostile to conversions because new Muslims diluted the economic and status advantages of the Arabs. Some of the tribes decided that as their loyalty to Islam had been primarily to Muhammad himself, his death allowed them to end their allegiance to Mecca and to Islam. In other places, religious needs are met by other religions. This spread of Islamic culture was facilitated by trade, missionaries, and changes in the political structure of Islamic society. Though, the Sassanids were weakened at the time which is what made conquest and conversion easier. like the Spanish Inquisition, or some aspects of the Crusades, or some of what we saw in the New World with the conquistadors, where When the new one is better, you switch. In 670, the Arab general and conqueror Uqba Ibn Nafi established the city of Kairouan (in Tunisia) and its Great Mosque also known as the Mosque of Uqba;[42] the Great Mosque of Kairouan is the ancestor of all the mosques in the western Islamic world. Was It caused because the Zoroastrianism system was weak or because Islam is most effective in synthesis of the two spiritual traditions? [citation needed] Java was the seat of the primary kingdom of the region, the Majapahit Empire, which was ruled by a Hindu dynasty. Distinct, feuding Arab tribes united into a cohesive political force, partially through the promise of military conquest. Ismailis were instructed to speak potential converts in their own language. Islam spread through military conquest, trade, pilgrimage, and missionaries. Men fought for their religion, the prospect of booty and because their friends and fellow tribesmen were also doing it. [49] Moreover, toward the 19th century, the Nigeria based Sokoto Caliphate led by Usman dan Fodio exerted considerable effort in spreading Islam. With the Delhi Sultanate established, Islam was spread across most parts of the Indian subcontinent. Image credit: Before the Umayyads, Islamic rule was non-centralized. Umar found himself the ruler of a large unified state, with an organised army, and he used this as a tool to spread Islam further in the Middle East. about in most cases worldly and spiritual motives for [16] In contemporary usage, "Islamization" and its variants too can also be used with implied negative connotations to refer to the perceived imposition of an Islamist social and political system on a society with an indigenously different social and political background. Bury, London, 1898, V, 436. [45] At times, Muslim leaders in their effort to win converts encouraged attendance at Muslim prayer with promises of money and allowed the Quran to be recited in Persian instead of Arabic so that it would be intelligible to all. Direct link to David Alexander's post Judaism and Christianity , Posted 5 years ago. However, the era that followed under the rule . Christians and Muslims discuss the different traditions of mission, conversion and the expansion of religions worldwide. Now, when Lapidus talks So they're really switching The Islamic state centered in Cordoba had ended up splintering into many smaller kingdoms (the so-called taifas). Following the brutal Mongol invasion of Central Asia under Hulagu Khan and after the Battle of Baghdad (1258), Mongol rule extended across the breadth of almost all Muslim lands in Asia. sense of nonsuperiority of one ethnicity over another. The first complete translation of the Qur'an into Persian occurred during the reign of Samanids in the 9th century. His successors would rule the most powerful of Sultanates in the Swahili coast, during the peak of its expansion the Kilwa Sultanate stretched from Inhambane in the south to Malindi in the north. to spread this rapidly. (eds.). People disagreed with this event because they had different perspectives on what were the main events for Islam spreading so quickly. Trade played the biggest role of why it spread so quickly because it went to Spain, Africa, and Europe. for the disbelievers. The spread of Islam spans about 1,400 years. A distinct Muslim community, the Panthays, was established in the region by the late 13th century. "[21] In contrast, for tribal, nomadic, monotheistic societies, "Islam was substituted for a Byzantine or Sassanian political identity and for a Christian, Jewish or Zoroastrian religious affiliation. This is not to say that the Muslims were not brave and that the conviction that they were doing Allah's will was not significant: it clearly was. They weren't persecuted or anything like that, but they weren't treated exactly like the Islamic people. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Upon his father's death, Ali was driven out of his inheritance by his brothers). A depiction of Mohammed (top, veiled) and the first four Caliphs. The most important reason for Islam spreading so quickly was trade routes connecting to different areas. A Christian community is recorded in 1114 in Qal'a in central Algeria. [69], Islam came to the Southeast Asia, first by the way of Muslim traders along the main trade-route between Asia and the Far East, then was further spread by Sufi orders and finally consolidated by the expansion of the territories of converted rulers and their communities. an empire form this quickly. As the tribal links that had so dominated Umayyad politics began to break down, the meaningfulness of tying non-Arab converts to Arab tribes as clients was diluted; moreover, the number of non-Muslims who wished to join the ummah was already becoming too large for this process to work effectively. Direct link to Milo's post They weren't persecuted o, Posted 3 years ago. in the pagan-dominated town of Mecca. As Islamic ideas and cultures came into contact with new societies, they were expressed in unique ways and ultimately took on diverse forms. The idea of dhimmi status is that they would have protected rights, they would have the same [81] Some Muslims in the Balkans chose to leave, while many others were forcefully expelled to what was left of the Ottoman Empire. Kurdish leaders, like. In 1212 the crucial Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa meant the recovery of the bulk of the peninsula for the Christian kingdoms. or peaceful resistance, and the notion of a Gandhi Muslims of Central Asian origin played a major role in the Mongol conquest of China. Embedded within these lies the concept of Islam as a foreign imposition and Hinduism being natural condition of the natives who resisted, resulting in the failure of the project to Islamicize the Indian subcontinent is highly embroiled with the politics of the partition and communalism in India. aren't showing on this map, those happened later on This was followed by the powerful Ghurids and Timurids who further expanded the culture of Islam and the Timurid Renaissance, reaching until Bengal. that we're talking about though in this map. he's having these revelations and he's starting to be the leader of this nascent Muslim community. This really seems to be A dome situated in the courtyard of a mosque. Hugh Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State, 2001. Read more. As a clarification question, is this supposed to mean that the early Muslims were conquering territory for a kingdom, like Rome, Greece, and Persia in earlier times? Therefore, a knowledge of the Muslim conquest and loss of Spain is crucial to understanding the flow of information. Learn about the Arab Muslim conquests and the establishment of the caliphate. Ottoman conquests were initially military and economic enterprises, and religious conversions were not their primary objective. In that context they're saying, "And fight the way of When the Franciscan friar William of Rubruck visited the encampment of Batu Khan of the Golden Horde, who had recently (in the 1240s) completed the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria, he noted "I wonder what devil carried the law of Machomet there". Direct link to Anastasia Cagle's post It's really just the feat, Posted 4 years ago. "In some cases, the diffusion of Islam "depended on its adoption which is now dynastic, the Umayyad Caliphate, by the end of that at 750 CE, you see Islam has now spread or conquered from modern-day Spain and Portugal, all the way to modern-day This process took place over several centuries. Shortly afterwards the Muslim army attacked the Sassanid Empire in Iraq, gaining a massive victory in 637 at the Battle of Qadasiya, and gradually conquering more and more of Iraq over the next dozen years. Without their help, for example, Andalusia could never have been incorporated into the Islamic state. Kazakhs, Uzbeks and some Muslim populations of the Russian Federation trace their Islamic roots to the Golden Horde[75] and while Berke Khan became the first Mongol monarch to officially adopt Islam and even to oppose his kinsman Hulagu Khan[75] in the defense of Jerusalem at the Battle of Ain Jalut (1263), only much later did the change became pivotal when the Mongols converted en masse[77] when a century later Uzbeg Khan (lived 12821341) converted - reportedly at the hands of the Sufi Saint Baba Tukles.[78]. One of the most quoted Direct link to Ameen Aldubaisi's post Through the trades with o, Posted 3 years ago. For example, Kebatinan, a religion that appeared in modern-day Indonesia around the sixteenth century combined animistic, Buddhist, Hindu, and Islamicespecially Sufibeliefs and practices. According to Thomas Walker Arnold, for the Persian, he would meet Ahura Mazda and Ahriman under the names of Allah and Iblis. Is it? There are many stories of descendants of Visigothic chieftains and Roman counts whose families converted to Islam during this period. Now those who would defend or see a little bit more nuance here, would say, look, you've got to, this is not talking about "Indeed, there is no superiority "of an Arab over a non-Arab, what used to be controlled by very powerful empires, the Byzantine Empire, [70] There is no clear indication of when Islam first came to the region, the first Muslim gravestone markings year 1082. A long period of instability and dissatisfaction had left them ambivalent toward their previous rulers. The distinction between Arab Muslims and non-Arab Muslims diminished, with Persian culture exerting a greater influence on the Abbasid court. [79] The Naqshbandis are the most prominent of these orders, especially in Kashgaria, where the western Chagatai Khan was also a disciple of the order.[79]. "And if they cease, then indeed God "is forgiving and merciful." the Balkans, and India," so these are regions that we "There shall be no compulsion "in acceptance of the religion." Islam was just that much better. On the side of religious tolerance, you have excerpts like this. The population within its areas began firmly accepting Islam in significant numbers, notably in Taraz, now in modern-day Kazakhstan. [2] Trade played an important role in the spread of Islam in some parts of the world, such as Indonesia. The objective of the conquests was mostly of a practical nature, as fertile land and water were scarce in the Arabian Peninsula. [63] During Delhi Sultanate's Ikhtiyar Uddin Bakhtiyar Khilji's control of the Bengal, Muslim missionaries in India achieved their greatest success, in terms of number of converts to Islam. Im not 100% sure, however it is true that Islam was really effective when involving another religion to get more cultural and contextual beliefs. of not just the Koran, but including the Bible, which is believed to first be written in Aramaic, or the Old Testament, the Direct link to Evan Indge's post Now, Sal repeatedly menti, Posted 6 years ago. The military expansions of the earlier period spread Islam in name only; it was later that Islamic culture truly spread, with people converting to Islam in large numbers. Explains that the world was forever changed by the rise and subsequent spread of islam. Arab or Turkish conquerors." Mass Conversion to Islam: Theories and Protagonists", The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, p. 212, The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. Scholars reject the stereotype that this process was initially "spread by the sword" or forced conversions. The Umayyads shifted the capital from Mecca to Syria and replaced tribal traditions with an imperial government controlled by a monarch. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. property contract rights, but different political rights. How did the caliphate develop after the death of Muhammad? Islam spread primarily through military conquest taking control of lands from Spain to the borders of China and India. The net result was, in those areas of Spain where Muslim rule lasted the longest, the creation of a society that was mostly Arabic-speaking because of the assimilation of native inhabitants, a process in some ways similar to the assimilation many years later of millions of immigrants to the United States into English-speaking culture. interested in conversion. If you start in the middle, you can cover a lot of ground, while also being able to suffer casualties that might be devastating. Could it be a "remission of taxation for conversion" instead? Abbasid leadership was also dynastic and centralized. Arab Muslim forces conquered vast territories and built imperial structures over time. 205. [45], It used to be argued that Zoroastrianism quickly collapsed in the wake of the Islamic conquest of Persia due to its intimate ties to the Sassanid state structure. In the forefront, a decorated, gold structure. From there, Islam spread to modern-day Malaysia and Indonesia. In Malabar, Muslims are called Mappila. Many women helped to spread Islam, even taking part in battles themselves. Significant conversion and cultural exchange did not occur during their short rule, nor were complex political institutions developed. Another reason for Islam spreading is their religious views and spiritual ideas. little bit more conciliatory. The fight was mainly over power. [75], Another contemporary institution identified as Muslim, the Qarakhanid dynasty of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, operated much further east,[75] established by Karluks who became Islamized after converting under Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan in the mid-10th century.

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