where was esteban de dorantes born

To achieve that they needed to survive more than a decade, often serving as slaves to native tribes, and eventually reaching Spanish territory in modern day Mexico. When recalling the history of Black explorers, J.R. Harris says the list is short. There are those that believe Estaban was not killed, but instead seized the opportunity to simply vanish to escape the burden of slavery. It is unknown how he came to be a slave, but he was eventually purchased by Andrs Dorantes de Carranza, the son of a Spanish lower nobleman. America was a man named Esteban de Dorantes, a slave who was one of four survivors of the mishandled and tragic Narvaez expedition to Florida. He was baptized and christened Estevanico. What time does normal church end on Sunday? His unknown origins, arduous journey, and mysterious disappearance leave him shrouded in mystery. Nearly 20 years, an expedition in 1539 under Estban, a black slave who had been shipwrecked with Cabeza de Vaca, and Fray Marcos de Niza to verify de Vacas reports. When the three European survivors refused to lead an expedition to the north, Don Antonio de Mendoza, the Viceroy of New Spain, engaged the services of Esteban, purchasing him from Dorantes. Gurwinder Singh Toor, 40, is charged with second-degree murder in the death of 55-year-old Angelo Galido. Cabeza de Vaca wrote that he was a "negro alrabe, natural de Azamor",[5] which can be translated as "an Arabized black, native to Azemmour"[5] or "an Arabic-speaking black man, a native of Azamor". In Hawikuh, Coronado found only mud huts and a few stones of turquoise. Esteban de Dorantes was born in modern day Morocco and is referred to as the first great African man in America. He was a slave who accompanied his master on an exploration to the New World, and was one of only four on the voyage who survived after their ship wrecked on the east coast of Texas. Niza went to the Americas in 1531 and served in Peru, Guatemala, and Mexico. In Florida: Exploration and settlement Nez Cabeza de Vaca and Estebn, a Moorish slave who was the first black man known to have entered Floridareached Culiacn, Mexico, in 1536. Only Esteban and three others (including Alvr Nez Cabeza de Vaca who would write an acclaimed account of the ordeal) survived and for the next 8 years they wandered the Southwest US and northwest Mexico. Andres so much desired to explore and colonize new territories for Spain along the Gulf of Mexico starting from Florida all the way to the Rio Grande. The Spanish relacins tell us that Estebanico/Mustafa was a slave, that he was a Moor from the town of Azemmour on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, that he was captured by the Portuguese, Latinized,. Known by different names such as Esteban de Moor, Esteban de Dorantes, Mustafa Azemmouri, and Estebancito, the explorer had sub-Saharan origins and was born in Morocco. Along the lengthy journey south to the Spanish stronghold of Mexico City, they recounted the tale that would prove to be Estevanicos undoing: that of the Seven Cities of Gold. HarperCollins, 448 pp., $25.95. Narvez landed in Tampa Bay and marched part of his forces into the interior, searching for riches. Deserters, hurricanes, and an incompetent navigator wracked the expedition at every turn. York is a name that is often omitted from the famed tales of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, although the detailed journals of William Clark would prove the importance of York to the success of their mission. They were fleeing and reported violence near Cbola and the death Esteban. Learn how your comment data is processed. Esteban and the group fled, while arrows rained down upon them. Born in Morocco, Estebanico was enslaved in his youth and eventually sold to a Spanish soldier and lesser noble named Andrs Dorantes de Carranza, though the precise time of the sale is unknown. Even in his companions chronicles, he was relegated to a footnote until his contribution to their disastrous Gulf Coast expedition suddenly became too important to ignore. He was the country's first black president from 10 May 1994 to 16 June 1999. After returning to Spain in 1537, he wrote an account, first published in 1542 as La relacin y comentarios (The Account and Commentaries), which in later editions was retitled Naufragios y comentarios (Shipwrecks and Commentaries). The barge that Narvaez was on drifted out to sea and was not seen again. By continuing to browse, you accept the use of cookies and other technologies. At that time in New Spain, there were rumours and speculations about the golden cities of Cibola said to be filled with Gold and all manner of precious stones located in the north of the Sonoran mountains. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The group set out in 1539. Their stories thrilled conquistadors in Mexico City, including Viceroy of New Spain Antonio de Mendoza. [23] Some folklore legends say that the Kachina figure, Chakwaina, is based on Azemmouri. Drinking water was in short supply, and the sailors diet of salted meat and hardtack would have only intensified their thirst. Clark in the The Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro-Latin American Biography, Estevanicos Route, 1527-1539 https://alchetron.com/Estevanico, Map of Azemmour: http://maroc.eklablog.net/azemmour-a103119131. He helps Nancy raise her and Estebans son during their brief breakup, but relinquishes his paternal rights after they reunite. That would change in 1536, when they heard rumors about a party of Spanish slave raiders near present-day Guasave, Mexico. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. dashicons-youtube He sent word back to Marcos informing him of his arrival and with about a days journey left to arrive the city he sent a few of his followers with his gourd ahead into the city as he usually would do whenever he is approaching settlements; his gourd has become a well-known symbol to the natives to identify the presence of the great healer. The advance party proceeded to the north in search of Cbola despite instructions from Fray Marcos to wait for him.[15][16]. De Soto set out from Spain in April 1538, set with 10 ships and 700 men. Where did Estevanico grow up? Also, he was the country's first black head of state. The four men soon found themselves on the west coast of Mexico at Culiacan. [9] The four spent years enslaved on the Texas barrier islands.[10]. Others theorize that he may have resembled an evil sorcerer who existed in the Zuni religion, the "Chaikwana" kachina. How do I save a single page in Google Chrome? To the Native people, Esteban was the harbinger of the European conquest to come. also known as "Esteban Dorantes," was the first African-born person known by name to set foot in territories that became part of the United States. These were the many names by which this man, an African, was known. How did Estevanico become a successful medicine man? The Expedition of Pnfilo de Narvez. Edited and translated by Harbart Davenport. Was this his chance for freedom? 2 (2006): 183206. He ended up in the hands of Andres Dorantes de Carranza,. He knew at least 5 languages, was the ultimate survivor . How do you skip failed stage in Jenkins pipeline? In November 1528, the survivors landed near present-day Galveston. Logan, Rayford W. Estevanico: Negro Discoverer of the Southwest: A Critical Reexamination. Phylon 1, no. Illuminating Books About the History of Race in America. How do I copy data from one Excel workbook to another workbook using macro? They continued for two days before encountering a camp, where they met a multilingual trader of the Avavares. Estebanico, Dorantes and a handful of other Spaniards landed on present-day Galveston, Texas, and began their eight-year journey to find a Spanish settlement back in present-day Mexico. Upon hearing the news of the attack, Fray Marcos hurried forward. The three men were joined about three years later in 1532 by de Vaca who was captured by the same Indians that enslaved his counterparts. Was he really killed? Esteban being highly intelligent quickly learned a great deal of the local Indians culture, way of life and language which proved very significant for the survival of the men. Subjects: People Terms: North America - Mexico In this episode, Harris recounts the stories of two of historic explorers, Esteban de Dorantes (1500 -1539) and York (1770 -1832), and the contributions they made to world history. Estevanico was born in North Africa, sold into slavery, and joined a 1527 expedition to establish a colony in Florida. The guides told Marcos of Esteban's ill-fated venture. [4] Mexico was the new Spain at the time. Nez Cabeza de Vaca and Estebn, a Moorish slave who was the first black man known to have entered Floridareached Culiacn, Mexico, in 1536. They melted the metals from their bridles, spurs, crossbows, and stirrups, killed their horses for food and used its hairs for ropes made from horse hair and palmetto fronds. Estevanico ("Little Stephen"; modern spelling Estebanico; c. 1500-1539), also known as Esteban de Dorantes or Mustafa Azemmouri ( ), was the first African to explore North America. Esteban Dorantes (sometimes called the diminutive Estebanico or Estevanico in contemporary documents) was an enslaved North African explorer who was among the first representatives of the Old World to encounter peoples of today's American Southwest and is one of the earliest known persons of African descent to set foot on what would later become the United States of America (in 1528). The truth is that there is a dearth of information and evidence of Estebans life, and death, to know definitively what happened. The expeditions departs Havana for Florida in April with four ships and 400 men. Logan, Rayford. Andres Dorantes de Carranza purchased him and brought Esteban to [what would later become] Florida in April 1528." Long before the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806), Esteban, said to have been Muslim and born sometime around 1500 in Morocco, would traverse the land from the Southwest to the Pacific Ocean. Andres asked the Viceroy to appoint him the task of leading an exploration to the said city. Esteban de Dorantes, better known as Estevanico. Estevan served de Nizas group as a guide, advance scout, and insulating buffer between the Spanish and the Native Americans. They captured Esteban and sold him into slavery to Andreas Dorentes. Esteban continued traveling north, becoming the first non-native person to contact the Zuni and other. Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza began dreaming of the expedition to find these fabled cities of "Tierra Nueva" and desired experienced travelers to lead a reconnaissance expedition to scout the region. Estevanico, also known as Esteban de Dorantes or Esteban the Moor, sailed from Spain to the New World in 1527. An overwhelming majority of historians believe Estaban was killed by the Zunis arrows. Marcos wrote, "in four days the messengers came from there from Esteban with a very large cross the height of a man"2. His achievements in the 16th century largely remain undervalued due to his status as a slave. With the exception of Cabeza de Vaca (whose travel narrative is the main source for Estebanicos life and the voyage), they cross to the mainland. Cabeza de Vaca crosses to the mainland, finding his fellows enslaved and only three remaining survivors: Esteban, Dorantes, and Castillo Maldonado. The group on land arrives among the Apalachee Indians (near what is today Tallahassee). During this time Esteban would learn the languages and cultures of indigenous people of the region, skills that would serve him well. Oviedo y Valdez, Gonzalo Fernndez. Estebans experience as a survivor of the failed Pnfilo de Narvez expedition to Florida in 1528 made him a natural choice to lead an exploration into the fabled lands of the north in what is now northern Mexico as well as Arizona and New Mexico. Photo source: BigStockPhoto . He is often referred to as black ( negro) in the contemporary sources, and Herrick concludes that he was sub-Saharan African, though that is by no means clear from the historical record. $MMT = window.$MMT || {}; $MMT.cmd = $MMT.cmd || [];$MMT.cmd.push(function(){ $MMT.video.slots.push(["6451f103-9add-4354-8c07-120e2f85be69"]); }). www.newmexicohistory.org/filedetails.php?fileID=464. Eventually, the land party settled in the abandoned town of Aute, where they resolved to melt their weapons and armor down, reforging the metal into tools with which to build new boats. Estevanico (which is a Spanish diminutive for "Stephen") came into the possession of Andres Dorantes de Carranca, a nobleman of the Extremadura region of Spain. The expedition of some 300 men, led by the newly appointed adelantado (governor) of La Florida, Pnfilo de Narvez,[8] left Cuba in February 1528 intending to go to Isla de las Palmas near present-day Tampico, Mexico, to establish two settlements. He was first enslaved by the Portuguese in 1522 and sold soon thereafter to Andrs Dorantes de Carranza, a Spaniard. Discover the Story of Estevanico, the 16th Century Texas Explorer. As before, he assumed the role of a medicine man, wearing bells and feathers on his arms and ankles and carrying a gourd rattle decorated with strings of bells and two feathers. www.newmexicohistory.org/filedetails.php?fileID=464. The shipwrecked quartet eventually reached Spanish settlements near Cliacan, Sinaloa in 1536. Dorantes and Esteban join the Pnfilo de Narvez expedition to Florida. "Estevan de Dorantes" by graphic artist Jos Cisneros, http://www.southwestcrossroads.org, Esteban de Dorantes is one of the most mysterious and fascinating figures connected to the Coronado Expedition. . Pepita Dona Maria's servant )Esteban, Uncle Pio, and Jaime. The expedition first landed in Espaola (the island containing the nations of Haiti and The Dominican Republic). Born a slave to the Clark family in 1770, York joined his master on the expedition, during which his backcountry knowledge became essential throughout the journey, and York earned equal treatment alongside his white counterparts. Mandela is one of the most iconic leaders of the 20th century. After hearing this, De Niza quickly returned to New Spain and wrote an account of his expedition for the viceroy. Francisco de Coronado outfitted Estevanico for this trip to find the fabled seven cities of Cibola. Word of his death reached Fray Marcos, who gazed at Hawikuh from afar, then headed back to Mexico City, claiming to have discovered the fabled golden city of Cibola. Esteban enters the village of Hawikuh against the wishes of the village authorities and is killed. With the help of a group Cabeza de Vaca called the Anagados, rivals of the coastal people that had enslaved the expeditionaries, they managed to escape captivity during the following harvest. At Culiacn, Mex., he freed Indian slaves from regions to the north. Born in Morocco, historians believe he sold himself into slavery for financial reasons. and trans. According to all accounts, he was a remarkable man. Slavery in Spain was very different, and there were paths to freedom more readily available in the Spanish Empire. He is referred to as simply Esteban or Estevan, more commonly as Estevanico, and also referred to as Esteban the Moor. Nuevas interpretaciones sobre las aventuras de Alvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca, Esteban de Dorantes, y Fray Marcos de Niza,, This page was last edited on 22 April 2023, at 01:03. Storms instead cast them to a small barrier island off the coast of Texas. 4 (1940): 30514. De Dorantes fate is unknown after 1539, when he disappeared. This is partly due to the lack of information about Esteban in the historical record, but also because Esteban was of African descent; an enslaved man who would be the first non-native person to visit the vast southern reaches of the Colorado Plateau in today's Arizona and New Mexico. Estevanico was born in the port city of Azemmour, Morocco, circa 1503. He is known by many different names, common are Esteban de Dorantes, Estebanico and Esteban the Moor. Cleve Hallenbeck reported that Estaban was killed while trying to escape. Esteban, African-born slave and explorer for Spain. In 1539, Mendoza sent Estevanico, along with the Franciscan Friar Marcos de Niza, on an expedition to find the Seven Cities of Gold. His incredible story raises countless questions, many of which will likely remain unanswered indefinitely. As Marcos neared Cbola he came upon the guides that had escorted Esteban. Estevanico, born in Morocco, was the first known person born in Africa to have arrived in the present-day continental United States. His fellow hidalgos saw opportunity in the New World, and many happily paid for passage. Where did Esteban de Dorantes land? He took with him about 600 men including Andres Dorantes de Carranza who was his commander and of course Esteban followed his master. Next, most historians seem to suggest Andres sold Esteban to the Viceroy. They were welcomed warmly by the authorities who also inquired and listened carefully about the routes through which they traversed. As he traveled, he continued to learn more of Cbola. de Vaca appealed to the soldiers not to capture their Indian entourage and the soldiers obliged. The men weak from hunger and thirst just let the barges drift with the current and by the time they reached the strong current of the Mississippi River that flows into the Gulf of Mexico around September of 1528 the poorly constructed barges started disintegrating. Estevanico, also known as Mustafa Zemmouri, Black Stephen, Esteban the Moor, Esteban de Dorantes, and Estebanico, was the first African to have arrived in the present-day continental United States. After six weeks, they are driven by a hurricane onto Galveston Island (off the coast of todays Texas). In this manner, they made their way across what we now know as Texas, parts of northeastern Mexico, and possibly even Arizona and New Mexico, with Estevanico as the de facto head of the party. Esteban de Dorantes, Estebanico, Mustafa Zemmouri, and Esteban the Moor are the names he was known by. Panfilo de Narvaez was an accomplished conquistador with over 20 years of experience and had just received a royal appointment by the King of Spain as Spains governor in unexplored Florida. While not much is known about de Dorantes, historians believe he and the survivors spent eight years wandering todays southwest U.S. and northwest Mexico, connecting with Indigenous tribes and learning the local cultures. By previous arrangement, Esteban ranged several days' journey ahead of the Franciscan, maintaining his Son of the Sun persona to ensure safe passage and leaving crosses of various sizes to signal the magnitude of his findings. [13] When the three Spaniards declined to lead an expedition to the north, Antonio de Mendoza, the Viceroy of New Spain, commissioned Fray Marcos de Niza to lead an expedition north in search of the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola. Estevanico. How do you push multiple objects in one object? He is known by many different names, common are. Sancho Dorantes de Carranza, the grandson of Andrs Dorantes de Carranza, wrote that Estevanico was "shot through with arrows like a Saint Sebastian. It was reprinted again in 1555. Because his life story has been told . Estevanico was instructed to serve as a guide for the expedition. Esteban de Dorantes was born in modern day Morocco and is referred to as "the first great African man in America." He was a slave who accompanied his master . The testimonies from their journey would fuel the rumors of wealthy civilizations in the north1. Roberts and Roberts have suggested that Estevanico, who wore owl feathers and carried a medicine-man's gourd, may have been seen by the Zuni as impersonating a medicine man, which they punished by death. Esteban Dorantes date of. How do you check if a string matches a regex in Java? Estevanico ("Little Stephen"; modern spelling Estebanico; c.15001539), also known as Esteban de Dorantes or Mustafa Azemmouri ( ), was the first African to explore North America. It is for a third grade class. or the circumstances surrounding his capture. 85615, Download the official NPS app before your next visit. He was a slave who was the first known African-born person to arrive in the . Approximately 80 men survived the storm, being washed ashore at Galveston Island. Mendoza launched another expedition, heavily armed and headed by Francisco Vzquez de Coronado y Lujn, in 1540. Having walked nearly 2,000 miles since their initial landing in Florida, they finally reached a Spanish settlement in Sinaloa. In the Relacin, Cabeza de Vaca said Estevanico often went in advance of the other three survivors because Estevanico had learned some parts of the indigenous language. It is unknown how he came to be a slave, but he was eventually purchased by Andrs Dorantes de Carranza, the son of a Spanish lower nobleman. Hi, my name is Aurora Ferreyra. Esteban de Dorantes' life has been of interest to scholars, as evidenced in a recent biography penned by Herrick (2018); to writers, as evidenced in the award-winning novel The Moor's Account by Lalami (2015); and even to politicians, as evidenced by an image of Esteban being included in a monument in front of the Texas State Capitol (see Figure 1). It was the first published book to describe the peoples, wildlife, flora and fauna of inland North America, and the first to describe the American bison. He was sold to Andrs Dorantes de Carranza. Which of the following data types is supported by hive? Now here the story gets complicated as there are several accounts of what happened next, one thing is sure though, Estaban entered the city. A chance encounter with Spaniards in northwestern Mexico ended the group's years of wandering. [14], On 7 March 1539, the expedition left from Culiacn, the northernmost Spanish settlement in Nueva Galicia. After this, he starts dating, and eventually proposes to Dr. Esteban and Nancys relationship became strained in season 5 due to her betrayal and his constant threats to murder her, but with Nancy being pregnant with his child, Esteban ultimately ended up proposing to her. This entrada of 300 men shipwrecked of the coast of Texas. Even more ancient African skeletons that would clearly predate Columbus arrival in the Americas were discovered throughout Central America and South America with some even being unearthed in what is now California. Born around 1500s Azamor Morocco, he was enslaved at a very young age by the Portuguese who ruled Morocco at the time (around 1520) and he was sold to a Spaniard Andres Dorantes de Carranza. going by the characters who died when the bridge collapsed. We know he was taken captive and enslaved during the conquest of Morocco. 13. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He has been referred to as "the first great African man in America". Was Esteban a real person? Overwhelmed by native forces near present-day Tallahassee, the Spaniards fled south to the coast. This is a brief history of Esteban Dorantes, an African explorer to America in the 1500s. The Viceroy sent Estevanico on an expedition in 1539 with the Franciscan Fray Marcos de Niza. Corrections? He traveled across the American Southwest and . subject named as. Cabeza de Vaca, Cibola, Corps of Discovery, Esteban, Matthew Henson, Moor, North Pole, Robert E. Peary, servants, slaves, William Clark, York Read the full, original biography by Dedra McDonald Birzer in the African American National Biography, Read the full, original biography by J.M.H. In return, Charles would receive a one-fifth share of any plunder brought back. He also wrote that the inhabitants of the Zuni pueblo where he died had killed Estevanico because he was a "bad man" who killed and assaulted their women. Although the Spaniards were free, Estevanico remained enslaved to Dorantes. By 1528, after months of marching across swamps, fighting hostile natives and crossing rivers in search of valuable natural resources, they found nothing valuable. How do I write a node js query in MongoDB? Originally from Azemmour, Morocco, then captured and . He acquired Esteban from Dorantes, and appointed the Moroccan interpreter and scout for the expedition of the French-born Franciscan Fray Marcos de Niza, who was being sent north to investigate rumors of great wealth beyond the northern border of New Spain. 2Richard Flint, p33 I can name archaeologist George McJunkin, or speak of the Buffalo Soldiers. According to a contemporary source, Mendoza either purchased Estevanico or received him as a gift from Dorantes. Estevanico was an enslaved Moroccan who is best known as the first African-born person to explore America, this after surviving a brutal journey in 1528.. Born Esteban de Dorantes in 1500 in Azemmour, Morocco, Estevanico was enslaved by the Portuguese in 1513 and sold in Spain. They present themselves as healers and religious figures, calling themselves the Sons of the Sun and gaining a native following. Beset by confusing rumors of gold to the north and repeated attacks by Apalachee warriors, Narvez quickly lost track of his ships. How do you find the difference between two DataFrames in Python? He was loking for the "Seven Cities of. Narvaez decided to retreat to a Spanish settlement in Mexico via the Gulf of Mexico, but with their ships nowhere in sight, they resorted to building make-shift barges. Esteban de Dorantes was an important explorer connected to the Coronado Expedition. Esteban de Dorantes has many names. In that capacity, he became the first conquistador to set foot in what is now northwestern New Mexico. There is no large harbor north of Boca Ciega Bay, and Narvez never saw his ships again. The Narrative of Cabeza de Vaca. Estevanico first appears as a slave in Portuguese records in Morocco, with him being sold to a Spanish nobleman in about 1521. His Christian name Estevan, a Spanish form of "Stephen," confirms this. He first came to America in 1527 as part of an exploration venture to Florida. I can name Blacks who have made contributions to New Mexico history, beginning with Esteban de Dorantes, the African-born adventurer who ironically became the first of the Spanish conquerors to arrive here. As a young man, Estevanico was sold into slavery in 1522 in the Portuguese-controlled Moroccan town of Azemmour, on the Atlantic coast. Estevanico(aka Estevan, Esteban, Estebanico, Black Stephen, Stephen the Moor) Biography, Timeline & Facts about the famous explorer, explorations & voyages in the Age of Exploration. We know that he was born circa 1500, and his birth name, Mustafa Azemmouri, suggests that he hailed from the Moroccan city of Azemmour. Fleeing from fierce attacks launched by the Apalachee, Esteban and his master, Captain Andrs de Dorantes, along with Alvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca and thirteen others, sailed west through the Gulf of Mexico on quickly-constructed barges. As an advanced retrieved. Estevanico couldnt have known what his disappearance in Hawikku would provoke, but he is nonetheless a figure of historical consequence. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Surprised to find Christians living among Indian infidels, the soldiers became even more amazed when they heard the tale of the experiences of the four men. Cabeza de Vacas account states that, at times, the party had as many as thousands of believers following them (but he was also known for his tendency to exaggerate). 20072023 Blackpast.org. Dorantes and Cabeza de Vacas accounts differ, but while staying with the Avavares or shortly after, a sick person approached them and asked for healing. He sent a message ahead, stating that he was coming to establish peace and heal them. Pueblo elders responded with a warning: he must not enter the village. Marcos was elated and hurried to join Esteban. It was in the fall of 1533 that Estevanico, Dorantes, and Cabeza de Vaca, along with a fourth survivor named Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, were reunited in the prickly pear groves. As medicine men they were treated with great respect and offered food, shelter, and gifts, and villages held celebrations in their honor. His career as an explorer began in 1528 with the disastrous Florida expedition of Pnfilo de Narvez. Esteban was the first recorded person of African descent to visit what is now the present-day United States. Originally born as a Muslim, he was converted to Roman Catholicism before reaching Hispaniola. Some were wrecked, and it became impossible for all the boats to stay together. Sources: Texas State Historical Association, National Park Service. Forego a bottle of soda and donate its cost to us for the information you just learned, and feel good about helping to make it available to everyone. lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca: His Account, His Life, and the Expedition of Pnfilo de Narvez. This is Cabeza de Vaca, lvar Nez. When informed of Estevanico's impending visit, the chief of the first village angrily ordered the messenger to leave and threatened to kill anyone who came back. Some have even suggested that Estevanico stayed among the A:shiwi at Hawikku, who helped him fake his death and escape slavery. Dorantes de Carranza took Esteban with him to the New World. Edmond Berger was born in Bolivia, the city of CumGyauy, Guide to American Independence Day (Fourth of July). Spain had a policy of primogeniturewhen a patriarch died, all of his wealth would pass to his firstborn son, leaving the rest of his progeny in the lurch.

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